Encyclopedia of 20th century architecture PDF

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20TH-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE Board of Advisors Diana Agrest Agres t and Gandels onas Architects Nezar AlSayyad Univers ity of Calif ornia, Berkeley Eve Blau Harvard Univers ity Robert Bruegmann Univers ity of Illinois -Chicago William Brumfield Tulane Univers ity Jeffrey Cody Chines e ...

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20TH-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

Board of Advisors Diana Agrest Nezar AlSayyad Eve Blau Robert Bruegmann William Brumfield Jeffrey Cody Nnamdi Elleh Stephen Fox Kenneth Frampton Diane Ghirardo Michael Graves Renata Holod Steven Izenour† Richard Longstreth Christian F.Otto Michèle Picard Beth Savage Franz Schulze Denise Scott Brown Helen Searing Joseph Siry Martha Thorne Dell Upton Agres t and Gandels onas Architects

Univers ity of Calif ornia, Berkeley

Harvard Univers ity

Univers ity of Illinois -Chicago

Tulane Univers ity

Chines e Univers ity of Hong Kong

Univers ity of Cincinnati

Rice Univers ity

Columbia Univers ity

Univers ity of S outhern Cali fornia

M ichael Graves and As s ociates

Univers ity of Penns ylvan ia

Venturi, Scott B rown, and As s ociates

George Was hington Univers ity

Cornell Univers ity

M ontreal, Quebec

National Regis ter of His toric Places

Lake Fores t College

Venturi, Scott B rown, and As s ociates

Smith College

Wes leyan Univers ity

The Art Ins titute of Chicago

Univers ity of Calif ornia, Berkeley

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20THCENTURY ARCHITECTURE Volume 1 A–F

R.Stephen Sennott, Editor

Fitzroy Dearborn New York London

Editorial Staff Sponsoring Editor: Marie-Claire Antoine Development Editor: Lynn M.SomersDavis Editorial Assistant: Mary Funchion Production Editor: Jeanne Shu Published in 2004 by Fitzroy Dearborn An imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 Published in Great Britain by Fitzroy Dearborn An imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE Copyright © 2004 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc. Fitzroy Dearborn is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “ To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture/R.Stephen Sennott, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57958-243-5 (set: alk. paper)—ISBN 1-57958-433-0 (vol. 1: alk. paper)—ISBN 1-57958-434-9 (vol. 2: alk. paper)—ISBN 1-57958-435-7 (vol. 3: alk. paper) 1. Architecture, Modern—20th century—Encyclopedias. I. Title: Encyclopedia of twentieth-century architecture. II. Sennott, Stephen. NA680.E495 2004 724′.6′03–dc22 2003015674 ISBN 0-203-48388-X Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-59315-4 (Adobe e-Reader Format) ISBN 1-57958-243-5 (Set)

CONTENTS Advisory Board Members

ii

Acknowledgments

vii

Introduction

x

Entry List

xvi

Thematic List of Entries

xliv

Entries A–F

1

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Resembling a large-scale comprehensive building design, an encyclopedia necessitates the collaborative efforts of countless individuals and may take considerable time to complete. It seems long ago that Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers invited me to edit a twovolume encyclopedia about 20th-century architecture. In 1998, I was teaching the history of architecture in a landmark 1890s Richardsonian Romanesque building at Lake Forest College, a small liberal arts college north of Chicago. Immersed in interdisciplinary studies, I was working alongside many architectural historians at the end of the century to endorse what Spiro Kostof termed “a broader, more embracing view of the built environment.” To that end, I was soon conferring with editors to propose various organizational and thematic strategies for a comprehensive reference work. Recognizing that architecture and its debates had occupied broad popular interest, the Fitzroy editors held a keen belief that well-educated general readers, scholars, teachers, and professionals alike would benefit from an encyclopedia that explained far more about 20th-century architecture than the conventional group of famous buildings and architects. Following the careful selection of a diverse and highly qualified board of advisors, editors and specialists vigorously discussed lists of proposed topics sufficient in number and importance to justify a third volume. I wish to thank editors, advisors, and many contributors for their valuable insights and recommendations. At Lake Forest College, I wish to thank Professor Ann Roberts and Art Department colleagues for a productive teaching and research environment, as well as friends from numerous departments for their keen support as this project was launched. Thank you to the students enrolled in “Global Architecture and Urbanism,” where we pursued the topics of this encyclopedia, considering why contributors flocked to the ranch house or fled from modernism. in the spring of 2003, I On the completion of final edits to the Introduction of the continue to teach the history of architecture, but now in a national historic landmark, S.R.Crown Hall, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe to hold the College of Architecture on the Illinois Institute of Technology campus. Begun in a massive building of load-bearing stone walls, the encyclopedia has been finished in this light-filled structure of steel, glass, and concrete. In the very last editorial stages, I benefited by virtue of being surrounded by inspired teachers and architects and an international student body whose engagement with the built environment taught me the genuine meaning of global. I wish to thank Dean Donna Robertson and the entire faculty for the opportunity to work in a space to which Mies referred as “a home for ideas and adventure.” chief aim is to capture the significance of a century of global architectural The practice and production. Seeking to be far-reaching and inclusive, the encyclopedia has been shaped in its contents to emphasize the diversity and complexity of 20th-century architecture. The difficult and lengthy selection process provoked useful debate; it has been my intention to preserve this diversity of perspective in the published volumes. For their consistent support and reliable participation, I would like to thank the following Encyclopedia of 20t h-cen tury Architectu re

Encyclopedia

of

20th-century

Architectu re’s

persons who graciously and diligently served as the board of advisors on this project. Their widely regarded expertise, varied perspectives, and most generous efforts provided with a widespread and critical range of entries and themes. They include Diana the Agrest (Agrest and Gandelsonas Architects, New York City), Nezar AlSayyad (University of California, Berkeley), Eve Blau (Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts), Robert Bruegmann (University of Illinois at Chicago), William Brumfield (Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana), Jeffrey Cody (Chinese University of Hong Kong), Nnamdi Elleh (University of Cincinnati, Ohio), Stephen Fox (Rice University, Houston, Texas), Kenneth Frampton (Columbia University, New York City), Diane Ghirardo (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), Michael Graves (Michael Graves and Associates, Princeton, New Jersey), Renata Holod (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), Steven Izenour (deceased, Venturi, Scott Brown, and Associates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), Richard Longstreth (George Washington University, Washington, D.C.), Christian F.Otto (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York), Michele Picard (Montreal, Quebec), Franz Schulze (Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois), Denise Scott Brown (Venturi, Scott Brown, and Associates, Philadelphia), Helen Searing (Smith College, Northhampton, Massachusetts), Joseph Siry (Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut), Martha Thorne (curator, Department of Architecture, The Art Institute of Chicago), and Dell Upton (University of California, Berkeley). Their spirited advice resolved numerous questions about contents and organization, they recruited qualified and articulate contributors from around the world, and several advisors asked to write important entries. In addition, I would like to thank the many individuals who assisted in the early portion of research and editing while the project was under the auspices of Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers in Chicago. Under the wise and enthusiastic guidance of editor Paul Schellinger, commissioning editors Chris Hudson and Lorraine Murray were enormously helpful in administering the database, communicating with authors, and directing the editing cycle. Copyeditor Bruce Owens compiled hundreds of references. From the start, the Fitzroy Dearborn staff truly gave the project its consistency, scope, and form. In addition, I wish to give special thanks to Emily Urban, a Richter Scholar and publishing intern from Lake Forest College, who wrote dozens of capsule biographies as well as proofread manuscripts under the guidance of Fitzroy editors. The published table of contents, as predicted, varies from the very first list sent out to hundreds of contributors. At a time when the 20th century seems somewhat distant, a fiveyear editorial process has inevitably called for adjustments, to the benefit of the project. With all parts in place, and following numerous editorial stages, I am profoundly grateful to each contributor for their commitment, generosity, critical thinking, and imagination as they met and surpassed the challenges posed by this ambitious project. has Authors have given their entries remarkable depth and scope, ensuring that this met its charge to be international, interdisciplinary, and inclusive. On behalf of the editors and contributors, I trust that the project—for its inclusions and exclusions—will stimulate innovative approaches and provoke constructive debate. Finally, and with deep appreciation for their collective precision and grace under unrelenting pressure to publish, I wish to offer my thanks to the Routledge team of professionals who brought this project to its outstanding conclusion. From unpacking boxes in New York to editing hundreds of manuscripts, the Routledge editors tirelessly Encyclopedia of 20th-centu ry Arch itecture

Encyclopedia of 2 0th-centu ry Architectu re

made their experience and wisdom available at a crucial moment of conversion from one publisher to another. Years of writing and editing would have perished without the Routledge editors. These include the Sponsoring Editor Marie-Claire Antoine, Development Editor Lynn M.Somers-Davis, Senior Production Editor Jeanne Shu, Editorial Assistant Mary Funchion, Development Director Kate Aker, and Publishing Director Sylvia Miller. Their enthusiasm for this project and commitment to seeing it through, despite the difficulties of transition, is truly appreciated. In closing, I wish to offer praise and heartfelt gratitude to my three lifelong muses and amusers, Ann Jordahl, Brianna Sennott, and Hille Sennott, for their inspiration and constant delight in our shared world of words and images. Carry on. R.STEPHEN SENNOTT

INTRODUCTION In its broad coverage of architecture produced between 1900 and 2000, the provides a three-volume, English-language reference work for scholars, professionals, students, and the general public seeking a basic understanding of interdependent topics that define the production of architecture in the developed cities, countries, and regions of the world. Seeking the breadth and diversity of any encyclopedic endeavor, the project extends its coverage beyond the conventional study of prominent architects and their buildings to address important related facets of 20th-century architectural production that motivate architects and their clients and give form and meaning to their buildings. Arranged in alphabetical order, the entries fall into three broad areas: persons, places, and architecture topics. Persons include architects and firms, critics, and historians; places include countries and regions, cities, specific buildings and sites, and unbuilt projects; architecture topics include materials and building technology, building types, stylistic and theoretical terms, schools and movements, architectural practice and the profession, and planning. Ranging in length from 1,000 to 4,000 words, each article is written for the well-informed general reader and signed by an established scholar or professional with expertise in the subject. In addition, each architecture topic and places entry includes a selected bibliography; each person’s entry includes a capsule biography, a list of selected works, and a selected bibliography. The bibliographies consist of standard works and recent scholarship to enable the student or scholar to expand his or her research. This project set out in 1998 in Chicago with the editorial staff of Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers to shape a broad and inclusive reference work designed to provide description and analysis of 20th-century architects, buildings, and places from a global perspective. In its review of an enormously inventive century of ambitious architectural production, the editorial team quickly recognized that the most useful reference work would include therefore aims to explain the range far more than buildings and architects alone. The of technological, professional, and historical factors that the architectural process entails, from drawings to the completed building. The far-reaching influence of important architects, sustainability and new materials, new digital technologies, and global proliferation of large-scale building types, for example, has altered the scope of modern architectural practice. Moreover, 20th-century architecture profoundly engaged many new constituencies, including the general public. In its efforts to provide a broader audience with a more inclusive understanding of architectural practice, the project seeks to frame a vast scope of selected topics that have defined and directed 20th-century architecture and its consumption worldwide. The practice of architecture has become enormously complex, as modern airports and skyscrapers make clear. Wherever constructed, a single building requires the design team to understand traditional and innovative materials, new construction technologies, will building types, historic precedent, and related planning needs. Readers of the Encyclopedia of 20th -century A rchitecture

Encyclopedia of 20th-century Archi tecture

Encyclopedia

of

20th -century

A rchitecture

benefit from an understanding of these interconnections. It is the editorial team’s belief that one strength of this project is the selective inclusion of a diverse range of architecture subjects rarely examined together with important buildings and their architects. To facilitate these connections, the book provides readers with extensive internal crossreferences in the majority of entries and a comprehensive, analytical index. International coverage required a variety of critical perspectives from a diverse group of scholarly and professional experts. From the start, the task of defining the scope and content of this project reiterated the complexity of architectural production in the last hundred years. Consulting for several months with a distinguished international advisory board of scholars and architects, architectural historian and volume editor R.Stephen Sennott has organized a far-reaching investigation of architecture from all regions of the world. The final selection of topics found in these three volumes is the result of a long and careful evaluation of a much longer list of proposed topics. To the benefit of this project, the advisory board’s contributions were both contradictory and consistent in their careful explanations of what should be included or excluded from these pages. This debate served to balance the book’s perspective and content. In short, the principal criteria for inclusion were, first, that the individual or topic had had a lasting or formative effect on architecture or, second, that the individual or topic reinforced the international scope of the encyclopedia. One strength of this reference work is its deliberate effort to accommodate these differences and contradictions by including a diverse range of advisors and a balanced variety of expert writers able to recognize the global character of architectural practice in the 20th century. In concert with the advisory board’s recommendations, the book profiles this century’s vast chronicle of architectural achievements within and well beyond the confines of midcentury modernism. Even so, and with apologies to readers who note the absence of a subject they hold as significant, it has obviously not been possible to include every architect, building, or topic of architectural significance. Indeed, following this challenging editorial process, and in light of compelling scholarship of the last 15 years, it is the editorial team’s collective hope that this project will encourage further study of the global, interconnected character of architecture and its production. The encyclopedia will provide an effective starting point for researchers and readers for years ahead. Whatever the risks of this ambitious reference work, an international team of 300 writers—architectural historians, architects, engineers, preservationists, urban historians, critics, and independent scholars—has presented a wide-ranging and critical assessment of buildings, architects, cities, and related architecture topics to provide professionals and general readers alike with an integrated view of architectural production around the world. Scholars and practitioners from related design and building professions have written more than 700 entries that collectively provide readers with a distinct approach to 20th-century architecture’s materials, theory, design, and practice. Such a broad and sweeping study invites complexities and risks; to leave some of these as unresolved defines some aspects of modern and contemporary architectural practice. This diversity of authorship and critical viewpoints makes this a requisite source for general readers and the architectural profession alike as they seek basic information about 20th-century is directed at a diverse readership and architecture. Given its expansive sweep, the provides a wide variety of information on a great number of subjects. Encyclopedia

of 20th -century

A rchitecture

Architectural Topics (179 entries) From broad and inclusive entries to shorter entries, topics have been selected because of their generally acknowledged importance in directing architectural form, fulfilling programmatic needs, directing style and change, and otherwise affecting the practice of architecture during the 20th century. Entries describe the topic and evaluate its effect on buildings, architects, or places around the world.

Materials and Building Technology (35 entries) Entries on traditional or innovative materials describe the origins, needs, and purposes of an important building material as it evolved during the 20th century (e.g., Aluminum, Reinforced Concrete, and Truss Systems). For example, concrete has a long history; however, its dramatic new capacities have generated new construction methods as well as innovative architectural form. The 20th century witnessed the invention of many new building technologies and systems, making significant contributions to architectural function. For example, air conditioning has allowed large-scale buildings to be built with new standards for comfort in extreme climatic conditions.

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