ENG4U Exam review PDF

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Grade 12 English Exam Review...

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ENG4U Exam review  sight passage—fig and rhe. devices, essay methods of development,  poetry analysis—poetry analysis elements from The Wars  symbols—The Stranger

 passage analysis—Hamlet (themes, character, dramatic/fig./rhe. devices, soliloquys, plot, important quotes analyzed in class)  creative response

Figurative Devices Simile : the comparison of two unlike things with the use of “like” or “as” Metaphor : the comparison of two unlike things without the use of “like” or “as” Personification : giving human qualities to an inanimate object *Apostrophe : (a type of personification) addressing the dead/absent/nonhuman as if it were human and it could reply (e.g.) “Come, let me clutch thee [dagger]!”—Macbeth Hyperbole : an exaggeration Understatement : saying less than needed in order to make a point (e.g.) “Don’t worry, it’s just a scratch”, said Anna as she blead profusely from her stab wound Paradox : a contradiction that is true on some level (e.g.) “I know one thing; that I know nothing” Oxymoron : opposites next to each other (e.g.) Big baby, passive aggressive etc. Alliteration : repetition of an initial sound in a series Onomatopoeia : words associated with the sound that they’re named after Rhetorical Devices Inverted Sentence : subject appears after the verb (e.g.) Out to town went the rebellious teen Periodic Sentence : main idea comes last in the sentence (e.g.) after you eat dinner, you can watch BGC. Climactic Order : a series of items that rise to a climax (e.g.) my hair became itchy, dry, enflamed Chiasmus (reversal) : repeating of a balanced sentence in reversed order (e.g.) “fair is foul, and foul is fair”—witches in Macbeth Sentence Fragments : places emphasis on key words to crate humor or suspense

(e.g.) She looked at me. And then she smiled at me. She even laughed at me. I think I’m in love. Parenthesis : (a witty aside/whisper to the reader) Parallelism : each item in a series having the same grammatical form Balanced Sentence : expresses two + parallel ideas by using identical grammatical form e.g. Interrupted Movement : interruption in the forward movement of a sentence (e.g.) No man in the world—except for my husband—can ever persuade me to quit my job Asyndeton : using commas to separate items in a series (no conjunctions) Polysyndeton : using conjunctions to separate items in a list (no comma’s) Freight Train : three + sentences joined by conjunctions 9e.g.) he didn’t used to like me before but then I grew out my hair and nails over the summer and yesterday he asked me for my phone number after class Tricolon : a tripling of phrases separated by semicolons (e.g.) her wig was securely laid; her waist was tightly snatched, her legs were freshly shaved Surprising Juxtaposition : placing items next to each other in a way that will surprise the reader (e.g.) I sniffed in the fragrance of the flowers, they smelled like they had just been watered with gin this morning Antithesis : words/ideas set up in parallel form to emphasize the contrast in their meaning (e.g.) “Seeing is deceiving, dreaming is believing”—Jessie J. Essay Methods of Development Compare and Contrast—looking at objects, people , and events and analyzing and explaining their differences and similarities; can be whole-to-whole OR pointto-point Illustration—picture what the writer means Can be organized in - chronological order - -categorical order - Use examples as the organizing principle (several brief examples; few, but detailed, examples; an extended example) Definition—to determine, at length, the meaning of a term - Defining by analyzing (listing essential qualities) - Negative definition (defining something by describing what it is NOT - Exemplification (giving several examples)

- Comparison and Contrast, Analogy (comparing what is being defined with something that it can be confused with)

Narrative— can be literary (plotted series of events, like a fairytale) or factual (objective and unbiased, like news articles) Have 5 elements: - Clear Location (setting/purpose) - Organization (logical, chronological (with r without flashbacks) o Make good use of transition words - POV (first and third—through who’s eyes and with who’s voice) o Who is SEEING the events o Who is TELLING the story - Tone (direct tone [writer tells events in an objective way], or ironic tone [implies that what took place was not quite that happened in reality]) - Dialogue & Language (use of figurative and rhetorical devices) Analogy—a special type of comparison that is used to explain and abstract concept by comparing it to something concrete (if they’re too similar, they’ll be logical NOT analogical); the comparison must make sense Cause and Effect—explaining the reason for an event, action, or decision (answer why and what if, explain the consequences of a decision) Organization can be chronological, categorical, or in order of importance Hamlet Passage Analysis Hamlet soliloquy #1 - -Hamlet speaking to himself after Claudius and Gertrude’s wedding - -He expresses his feelings about life, himself, his father, Claudius, his mother (this ties into his view of Women) - -He’s having suicidal ideations (a moral dilemma of whether or not he should kill himself—he wants to but it’s a sin) and feels isolated, and as if he cannot say how he feels - -He views life as “weary, stale unprofitable, and flat”; he uses a metaphor that uses the theme of corruption to reveal that he views life as an unweeded garden that poisons an otherwise healthy organism—life is draining him and he is deeply exhausted, she wants to kill himself and end his misery - -He reveals his (positive) view of his father and (negative) view of Claudius by comparing them—likening his father to a Hyperion (a sun god), and Claudius to a satyr (a half-man, half Goat creature)

- -He expresses his dismay at how fast his mother moved on, saying that she is essentially worse than an animal—even an animal would’ve mourned longer than her (Niobe) -Because he views his mother as weak, he gives that title to all women (negative view of momnegative view of women) -negative view of himself, says that he is as similar to Hercules and Claudius is to old hamlet (meaning that he is not similar to him at all; in fact, he is the opposite— weak) Hamlet soliloquy #3 (after seeing the players) ⁃ His character is angry at himself because he won’t kill Claudius (theme of Procrastination) ⁃ Contrasts himself to the players (sees his shortfall, e’s dull in spirit and will not avenge his father’s death, yet he has the perfect opportunity) ⁃ Contradiction in his anger—Angry with himself for procrastination; instead of going to kill Claudius, he organizes a revenge plot (relies on reason— doesn’t know if the ghost is real or not, so he wants to see Claudius’ gilt for himself, he needs evidence) ⁃ Role of the supernatural (doesn’t know whether the ghost is real or an adaptation of the devil) ⁃ Themes: procrastination, revenge, reason vs. passion ⁃ Negative view of himself (calls himself a rogue, a peasant slave, an ass) Polonius’ advice to Laertes - Gives some advice you wouldn’t expect a father to give o Dress your best (expensive), don’t get into fights with people, don’t lend or borrow money, - Contrast to his condescending tone with Ophelia Hamlet soliloquy (“To be or not to be…”) - Describes life as a constants war on your existence; he’s in a very dark place and he’s seriously contemplating suicide - Compares death to sleep (eternal rest—something he longs for); wants to end his misery - Uses his reason to evaluate the consequences of his action—what comes after death? What if it’s worse than what he’s experiencing now? This is what stops him from committing suicide (fear of what follows) - The fact that he said no one returns from death contradicts his encounter with the ghost of his father - The devil you know (hell on earth) is better than the one you don’t (real hell) —this is what stops people from killing themselves, and it makes them cowardly; constant thinking and reasoning overpowers passion (urge to commit suicide)

Hamlet soliloquy (after the captain from Norway visits) ⁃ Contrasts himself to Fortinbras (foil for Hamlet) - both have fathers killed ⁃ Both seek to avenge their fathers’ deaths ⁃ Fortinbras is willing to die for nothing but honor (Hamlet admires him for this) ⁃ Hamlet is angry with himself because he’s continued to procrastinate ⁃ Hamlet has every reason to kill Claudius, yet he’s done nothing (theme of procrastination) - last lines— “my thoughts be bloody”—reason speaking; he’s not on an accelerated path to revenge; it will be on his mind, but he won’t take action (reason s. Passion—reason rules his life and is the driving force of his procrastination) Praying Claudius ⁃ Claudius doesn’t 100% trust Gertrude ⁃ Theme of spying (he sends Polonius to SPY on Hamlet and Gertrude; hamlet spies on Claudius while he’s playing) ⁃ This soliloquy confirms his guilt, and reveals his unwillingness to repent (unwilling to give up what he’s gained from his sin) ⁃ Echoes the 2nd sin (archetypal story of the jealous brother; Cain kills Abel) ⁃ Theme of corruption (his sin is so dirty that it stinks to heaven) ⁃ Theme of Sin and Salvation/Redemption (he knows he should pray but he’s unwilling) ⁃ Hamlet squanders the perfect opportunity to kill clouds who appears to be praying (theme of Appearance vs. Reality—he’s fooled by the appearance of Claudius praying, the reality is that Claudius isn’t praying) ⁃ Overshoots his goal (he doesn’t just want to kill Claudius, he wants to send him to hell) ⁃ Dramatic Irony (we know Claudius isn’t praying or repentant, Hamlet thinks he is) Hamlet and Gertrude (after Polonius’ death) ⁃ spying ⁃ Revenge ⁃ Procrastination - Metaphor used by father (likens Hamlet to a dull knife, useless; he needs to sharpen his passion and KILL Claudius) - Supernatural pushes him towards revenge ⁃ Relationship w/ Gertrude (her innocence regarding Claudius’ crimes ⁃ theme of Reason (overthinking) vs. Passion (action) ⁃ Theme of Madness (Gertrude realizes that hamlet is mad for real)

⁃ The corruption of Gertrude’s relationship with Claudius (compares Claudius to a rotting ear of corn; says she downgraded from Old Hamlet to Claudius; calls him a cutpurse [thief], a murderer, a villain) ⁃ The corruption when hamlet is comparing Old Hamlet and Claudius. Sideby-side ⁃ Gertrude feels guilty; she is put to the test of loyalty to Hamlet (she can’t tell Claudius he’s faking his madness) ⁃ Hamlet tells Gertrude not to sleep with Claudius because it’s like nourishing a weed, he doesn’t wat Claudius to thrive, he wants him to wilt

Death of a Salesman Willy

Biff (very different from Willy, especially at the end)

Happy (similar to Willy)

-dishonest (cheats on his wife, dishonest with his income)

-steals (pen, basketballs; influenced by Willy’s dishonesty)

-lies to women (sleeps with engaged women of his superiors)

-doesn’t accept his skills/desires (working with his hands)

-keeps trying to make -takes bribes, skips work to go swimming; poor work ethic it in business, in reality he wants to work on a ranch (dishonest with himself)—every spring he runs away bc he feels like he’s wasting his life

-cannot acknowledge his failure

-at the end, he accepts the reality of his skills/desires (he’s a dime a dozen); he is not going to continue to pursue business

-he thinks he’s more valuable to workplace than he really is (he’s at the bottom but he pretends to himself that he’s next in line for a huge role (dishonest with himself) —cannot acknowledge his failure

-delusional; insecure about failure (American dream = hide your weaknesses)

-cheats on tests and skips class (poor work ethic)

-keeps trying to “make it” in business; doesn’t accept his skills/desires

The Stranger Symbols SYMBOL S

INTERPRETATION AND INSTANCES OBSERVED

Eyes

- The feeling of being watched (by eyes) induces the fear of being judged based on the societal expectations which he (Mersault) defies. p.83: he’s uncomfortable with being watched/being the center of attention p.5: “Maman used to spend her time following me with her eyes” - He is judged merely because he doesn’t meet societal expectations (he’s very indifferent) p.10: “what struck me most about their faces was that I couldn’t see their eyes…For a second I had the ridiculous feeling that they were there to judge me” - Society despises his indifference more than his crime (murder!) - Irony: he hates being watched/judged, yet we judge him throughout reading the entire story - The chaplain represents generally accepted beliefs, morals and behavior (also revealed through the magistrate) - Mersault explicitly rejects everything that the chaplain stands for (not he himself) - Chaplain stands for the fear of death, life after death, and remorse for sins (all of which Mersault opposes) - Mersault believes that life isn’t worth living; it doesn’t matter at what age you die because death will come to everyone anyways - How you die matters to the caption (clean vs. with sin on your soul) - Ironically, he watches people from his balcony even though HE hates being watched - He’s detached; watches peoples’ lives like it’s a movie from a secluded area (his apartment)

Chaplain

Balcony

Sun

Water

- For Mersault, the sun is an oppressive force; has a negative connotation - When asked what made him commit the murder during the trial, he replies “the Sun”— people laugh because they don’t assume such an outrageous answer would be serious (but it is) - Describes it as “overpowering”, “my head ringing from the sun” - it makes him clench his fists, tighten his jaw, and grit his teeth as it “presses down” on him - Puts him into a thick drunkenness, it’s a “blade cutting at his forehead” like a “dazzling spear” - makes him feel tense - almost like he’s ready to go to/at war with the force of the sun - Water symbolizes relief and relaxation for Mersault - When he swims with Marie he feels happy; it evokes relaxation and (sexual) pleasure - He even makes future plans to swim when he’s in jail...