Engineering Failure Case Report PDF

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MALAYSIA-JAPAN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY COURSE NAME: PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, SAFETY AND HEALTH (NINGEN RYOKU) COURSE CODE: ​UMJG 2022 TITLE​: ​Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium Roof Collapse, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia ​PREPARED FOR: ​IR. TAN CHEE FAI NAME OF...

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MALAYSIA-JAPAN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY COURSE NAME: PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, SAFETY AND HEALTH (NINGEN RYOKU)

COURSE CODE: UMJG 2022 TITLE: Sultan  Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium Roof Collapse, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia PREPARED FOR: IR. TAN CHEE FAI NAME OF GROUP MEMBERS: SITI AISYAH BINTI MOHD SHUKRI (A18MJ0144) NUR FAZREEN BINTI AZMAN (A18MJ0115) NURUL SHAZLEEN BINTI ZAINI (A18MJ0132) NUR AYUNI BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN (A18MJ0113) QISTINA BATRISYIA BINTI MUHD JOHARI (A18MJ0138) DATE OF SUBMISSION: 8th APRIL 2019

TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 INTRODUCTION

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2.0 CAUSES OF THE CASE

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3.0 IMPLICATION OF THE TRAGEDY 3.1 Negative Impact 3.2 Positive Impact

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4.0 ACTIONS TAKEN AFTER THE TRAGEDY

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5.0 DISCUSSION 5.1 Ethical Code 5.2 Code of Professional Conduct BEM

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CONCLUSION

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REFERENCES

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Located at Gong Badak Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia, a multi-purpose Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium is one of the projects constructed by a South Korean construction firm which forms the most attractive centre of Terengganu Sports Complex especially football matches with together adjacent Mini Stadium. Costed RM300mil stadium became a major headline when it suffered roof collapsed incident just a year after it was opened to public. Even there was no one injured, the failure could possibly easily harm many people as it was build for over 50,000 people capacity so only few cars parked outside of the stadium destroyed. However since then, the stadium was declared unsafe. Main entrance, royal podium and the public seating area zones were affected by this incident. Estimated RM24mil for damages at the east wing, this incident caused the main usage of the stadium to host the state football matches in the Malaysia Super League and was meant to replace the Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah Stadium. After four years repairing, workers dismantle the rest of the roof that had not fallen and the fallen roof had been removed. Unfortunately, in the bad luck side, the rest of the roof crashed down with resulted five injured workers as they working on the stadium at February 20th 2013. In 2015, the stadium roofs were all gone and it partially reopened for football matches but only can be used at day time since lights were attached to the roofs. In a kind introduction, this case report will be focusing on 2009 incident when it was collapsed for the first time and where all this engineering questions begin.

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2.0 CAUSES OF THE CASE In general there are factors that cause the tragedy from happen listed below: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Mistakes at design level. Inappropriate choice of materials. Incompetency of staff involved in construction. Poorly constructed roof. Lack of quality supervision.

Based on studies conducted by the Technical Investigation Committee the main cause of the collapse was that the components used and work quality did not meet specifications, the design was not suitable and the roof was not constructed properly. However, there are other causes that caused the fault which led to the collapse of Kuala Terengganu Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin stadium building (2019) , stated below: 1) The quality control was not carried out at the project site and the weak supervision during the construction process as well as the lack of skilled workers had also contributed to the collapse. 2) The long gap between the last concrete stump and the concrete buttress was about 30 m wide. There was not enough support for the large magnitude of force from its own weight. In addition to that, buckling occurred in the inclined members (tube), a sign of load exceeding buckling capacity. Pull out of threaded screws out of the steel ball joints can also be observed after the incident. This means that they have been subjected to load beyond their capacities resulting in failure.The complex design of the roof and the wide span required more detailed analysis. 3) Other factors that contributed to the stated damage are defective welding in steel components implying poor workmanship and strength of the materials used did not achieve design requirement when tested in preliminary tests thus reducing the mechanical strength of the structure. The roof was also erected poorly causing terrible geometry and thus, catastrophic force distribution along the structure. Non-technical cause includes lack of quality control and safety measures by project management team which causes mistakes to go unnoticed in their early stage. There are so many small insignificant factors that engineer doing that occur the accident. It may seem that the engineer has no responsibility and not alert about the law of safety 3

and regulation. This method can summarize that the only ethical way is to implement risk-benefit by sharing the benefit between the engineer and society.

3.0 IMPLICATION OF THE TRAGEDY Implication of the fall down of Sultan Zainal Abidin can be viewed from two aspects. The first element is negative implication and second is positive implication. This is the effects that can be considered from this tragedy. Hence, from this tragedy we can analyze on the negative side and positive side.

3.1 Negative Impact The implication on the bad side are that people will be afraid to go to stadium. This is due to the fact they are very concerned about the safety of themselves. For them, that may additionally appear anywhere however it is a very unlucky event. The presence of football followers may additionally diminish, as they say, they are concerned about the safety of themselves when in the stadium. Therefore, the stadium may additionally be lacking in football players when a match is held. On top of that, the stadium which is additionally a visitor enchantment also will motive the number of tourist coming to Terengganu to low down. Hence, the tourism economic system in the location will be barely slumped. When this tragedy occurs too, the negative effect is that there will be parties accusing each other and do no longer prefer to be responsible. This may also result in a friction between many parties. They are looking for one any other mistakes. This is very fundamental negative implication.

3.2 Positive Impact From the positive side that can be considered when the tragedy is taking place is how an organisation is making an attempt to calm down the mood of a fog when the stadium collapsed. The implication that can be viewed are that many collaborators specifically do the cleansing work when this tragedy happens. Many of them have helped in simplifying things to smooth up the stadium and supply help in any aspects. Besides, the positive aspect that can be viewed are the people who are always hoping for all this happening to go easily and can be resolved immediately. This event can additionally unite the a variety of societies. It is now longer just Terengganu society however also a community from any other state. They also supply help in order to make certain that this tragedy will no longer occur once more for future. When we talked about negative effects, there are additionally positive effects. Due to the reality that the fall down of the stadium is among bizarre events that may be 4

too rare in the world, it is actually a frequent focus. Not simply the people of Terengganu who have in no way viewed and experienced it, never seen it. Therefore, it is the visitors who come to see themselves with their head eyes to the site of the stadium’s ruins. There is now a school holiday seasons, each and every day of dozens of tour buses from all over the country come this country and surely they did not leave out the chances to see the collapse of the stadium. That is, it has delivered benefits in terms of tourism sector for the state of Terengganu. State Tourism Exco may be smiling with this atmosphere, as it does not require additional spending to promote the state entice tourists. Meanwhile, traders benefit from their promoting profit. At the site of the fall down of the stadium are also many traders doing their business activity. This is additionally a really helpful to the people of Terengganu.

4.0 ACTIONS TAKEN AFTER THE TRAGEDY Poor maintenance might result in structural failure and wastage in money. For

example, The Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium in Kuala Terengganu, which grabbed the headlines ten years ago when a large part of its roof collapsed, has lost more than KM 292 millions. The official said that following the roof collapse, minor damage was detected throughout the stadium. But due to neglect and the actions of irresponsible people entrusted to clean up the massive mess at the 50,000-seat stadium, the problem has now become acute. The issue here is not who to blame but to prove that poor, maintenance will result in repeated repairs and dire consequences. Defects in concrete, if not repaired, will eventually lead to major maintenance. Failure to provide necessary maintenance will cause more expensive repairs or replacement of otherwise useful structures. Besides that, any negligence in any of the phases of its maintenance would lead to its deterioration and ultimately failure to perform its intended function.Therefore, a proper and systematic maintenance management is required to reduce possible occurrence of disaster that may cause life injury due to structural failure. A consultant engineer was charged at the Session Courts here Monday over the roof collapse incident at Stadium Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin in Gong Badak in June 2, 2009. Wan Manan Wan Ali, 51, from Kuala Ibai, claimed trail while Justice M. Bakri Abdul Majid fixed March 17 as the re-mention date. Based on the charge sheet, Wan Manan was alleged to have acted like an approved examiner in issuing a document dated Jan 15, 2009 on the main roof truss system and its related works for the proposal to construct the main stadium, known as the Terengganu Sport Complex. He is alleged to have signed and submitted the document to the state Public Works Department (PWD) director Rosli Zainal which was also tantamount to deceiving the then State Secretary Datuk Mokhtar Nong into believing he was the approved examiner.The charge under Section 419 of the Penal Code carries a maximum jail term of seven years or fine, or both, upon conviction.

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The incident occurred less than a year after the handover of the stadium to enable the state to host the Malaysia Games (Sukma) in May 2009. There are so many small insignificant factors that engineer doing that occur the accident. It may seem that the engineer has no responsibility and not alert about the law of safety and regulation. The method to help analyze and to determine a project to proceed is risk benefit analysis. This method can summarize that the only ethical way is to implement risk-benefit by sharing the benefit between the engineer and society. Base on the designing for safety, the risk can minimize much more easily. The risk can minimize if the engineer spending more time to recheck the design cycle before sell it. It is because of to make sure that the product safe to use as a conclusion, the product not surely 100% safe, but the engineer must design a product more effectively and follow the ethical law as a guideline. An investigation committee established by the Public Works Department to determine the cause of the collapse at the RM292mil stadium underlined several crucial factors in a detailed 60-page confidential report submitted to the state government one year after the incident. Among the factors cited were serious engineering flaws, shoddy workmanship, inferior materials and lack of expertise in the key project management team. It also stated that the project management team did not have the necessary skills and competence to manage a project of such magnitude and complexity.The committee also determined that the main cause of the collapse to be, among others, faulty design with failure to take into account the support condition of the roof structure.The committee also noted that the management team had failed to conduct a design analysis, considering that the complex architectural shape and large spans made the structure very sensitive to any movement in the supporting structures. The cost of repairing Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium (SSMZA) is about RM100 million, said State Chairman of Public Works and Transportation Committee, Rosli Othman. The amount include RM18 million to repair the structure and for equipment, RM20 million to repair the electrical system, RM14 million to repair the mechanical system and RM48 million to put up a new roof. They are very disappointed with the incident as SSMZA was built with 100 per cent funding from the Terengganu government. Answering questions raised by opposition state assemblymen on action against those responsible for the collapse, Rosli said the project consultants were facing legal action in court. The State Executive Council (Exco) member declined to disclose the status and identity of the consultants saying it would be prejudicial to the case. The stadium has to undergo repair after the main roof costing RM292 million collapsed on June 2, 2009, destroying 50 per cent of the structure.

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 rom what I have read about this stadium roof collapse case, the causes found after the F investigations conducted included an inadequate design, failure in erection which caused the geometry of the roof to be incorrect, and minimal quality control checks during construction which lead to building materials and construction processes that did not meet specifications.This shows that it is important to check every details so that it follows the specifications. In this collapse case, it was also found that the support conditions for the roof were incorrectly analyzed. If supports were modeled as fixed but in reality were constructed as pins or only partially fixed the correct amount of load may not be able to be transmitted to the support. Obviously, this will cause a large issue with the load path of the roof. The initial design also neglected to analyze for effects resulting from deflections in the multiple long spans present in the roof structure. The deflections caused by the self-weight of the roof and resulting effects may have been enough to cause a failure even without all the other causes.

5.0 DISCUSSION 5.1 Ethical Code Utilitarianism, duty ethics, and virtue ethics are the ethical code that can be applied to this case. Utilitarianism means the engineering company should use good material quality and monitor their employees ' workmanship. Without considering the adverse effects that may occur in the future, they can not just think of mere profit. Duty ethics means that when they notice any problem, the responsible parties should take immediate action. They turned a blind eye, however, and acted as if nothing had happened. Virtue ethics means that the engineer should exhibit good character rather than bad character other than following all the rules and specifications used in that project without neglecting even one of them in order to prevent anything bad from happening, and that must ensure that every specification set by the responsible person should be obeyed because there must be a good reason behind each point. After the incident, an investigation of the Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium roof collapse was carried out. The report was completed in December 2009 but was not released to the public and it costs a lot of money to buy from the government to obtain a copy. The integrity of the people who manage the project is highly questioned as long as the full report is not published to the public. It's like they don't want to take any blame and make their way out quietly. This contrasts sharply with how most construction failure investigations are conducted in the U.S. This report would have been made public in the States so that from the mistakes made, the engineering and construction community could learn. This, together with other issues in how the stadium was originally built, implies the presence of government corruption. Fortunately, the report's summaries are available as an alternative. 7

Ten independent investigators from government agencies and professional bodies appointed by the Department of Public Works (JKR) have investigated for the cause of failure. In short, everything from design to construction was done incorrectly as to the cause of the failure. Failures in every aspect of the building also lead to questioning about the owner who is also the government when starting the project. The report being released is not thorough even after eight months waiting for full reporting and investigation. It also does not indicate who should be responsible for the stadium's ruin or which party. There's no way nobody can be held accountable with this big project. To make matters worse, the party that is not even responsible for the failure is being convicted by the public. It is therefore important that the party responsible for the occurrence must take the blame whenever an accident or incident occurs. This will calm the public and move forward with more imperative action and prevent blaming event from ever ending.

5.2 Code of Professional Conduct BEM “A Professional Engineer shall certify satisfactory completion of a piece of work only if he has control over the supervision of the construction or installation of that work, and only if he is satisfied that the construction or installation has fulfilled the requirements of the engineering design and specifications.” ●

In this case, a consultant engineer was charged over the roof collapse incident at Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin stadium in Gong Badak in 2 June 2009. Based on the charge sheet, Wan Manan was alleged to have acted like an approved examiner in issuing a document dated 15 Jan 2009.

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It is clearly seen that the engineer has disobey the rule that has been set up by BEM without thinking the bad consequences that may happen later.

“A Register Engineer shall conduct himself honourably, responsibly, ethically and lawfully so as to enhance the honour, reputation and usefulness of the profession.” ●

Responsible engineers involved should not remain silent while getting complaints about unusual vibration during abseiling session conducted.

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The engineers who has knowledge on the structure supposedly should take immediate future action on the complained receive.

“A Registered Engineer shall not offer to make by way a commission or any other payment for the introduction of his professional employment. By that, this case should not happen.” 8

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Another cause that may lead to the accidents is bribery. They may not mention in the public, but as we know, there are engineer that has been charged due to its action of giving approval to the document that supposedly not viable. From that, we know that there must be something that urging him to act so. One of the responsibilities is about money. It is surprising if her action is taken without giving benefit to himself or other parties.

CONCLUSION This concern issue however has been in the box of questions about public safety problem which we as engineers-to-be should be looked seriously in construction industry. Truth to be told, this collapsed incident was preventable since there was no whether problem such as wind, heavy rain or even wave forces that might be the reasons in this case. In the matter of fact, this incident was completely a design of construction failure. Therefore, who to be blamed to? Many construction incidents could be prevented if both engineers and workers submit to the ethical guidelines and prioritize public safety instead of thinking whether the construction is giving you wealth or not. As stated before, design proposals should be considered seriously and any signs of weaknesses must taken to action. Besides, materi...