Full PEP Group of 6 - Engineering failure case report PDF

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iiProfessional Engineering PracticeCollapse of Stadium Sultan MizanMember's Name : 1) Ahmad Saufi bin Selamat (A14KE0015)2) Bilal bin Draman (A14KE0032)3) Mohd Afif bin Mohd Nadzari (A14KE0136)4) Muhammad Fauzan bin Sa'adon(A14KE0162)5) Muhammad Fauzi bin Hanapiah(A14KE0163)6) Muizzuddin bin Abdulla...

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Professional Engineering Practice Collapse of Stadium Sultan Mizan Member's Name

: 1) Ahmad Saufi bin Selamat (A14KE0015) 2) Bilal bin Draman (A14KE0032) 3) Mohd Afif bin Mohd Nadzari (A14KE0136) 4) Muhammad Fauzan bin Sa'adon(A14KE0162) 5) Muhammad Fauzi bin Hanapiah(A14KE0163) 6) Muizzuddin bin Abdullah (A14KE0189)

Section

: 01

Course

: 4 SKEE Session 2017/2018-2

Lecturer's Name

: Prof. Dr Abu Sahmah bin Mohd Supaat

Date

: 25 May 2018

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1

3

ii - iii

LIST OF APPENDICE

iv

PROJECT BACKGROUND

1

1.1

2

PAGE

Introduction

1-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

3

2.1

Cause Of Tragedy

3-5

2.2

Implications

5-7

2.3

Measurement Taken

7-8

DISCUSSIONS

9

3.1

Ethical Code

9 - 10

3.2

Role And Responsibilities

10 - 11

3.3

Codes Of Conducts

11 - 13

iii

4

CONCLUSION

14

REFERENCES

15

APPENCDICES

16 - 18

iv

LIST OF APPENDICE

APPENDIX A

TITLE Minutes of meetings

PAGE 16 - 18

1

CHAPTER 1

PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1

INTRODUCTION

In May 2008, a success for the Terengganu state government at that time when the government led by Datuk Seri Idris bin Jusoh as Terengganu Minister managed to develop a large and magnificent stadium named after the sultan who was ruling the state and Malaysia at that time the Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium.

The event has become a pride for the people in the state as it is the only stadium built by two at the same place, one of which is the open stadium where the stadium is used for football and runners while closed stadiums are used for badminton events and so on . There is another stadium in Terengganu at that time which was long built Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah Stadium. The stadium is still in good shape to this day although its size is not as big as the Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium which can accommodate more supporters capacity and its seats are not as good as the new stadium was completed in May 2008.

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On June 2, 2009, an unexpected tragedy has surprised many parties, especially the government in the state of Terengganu and the people living near the stadium when the building of pride suddenly collapsed on that date. The incident happened at a

occurred. If they want to say that the incident happened because the building was long built was a ridiculous reason altogether because a project of millions of ringgit was spent could only be used within 13 months after the date it was completed.

Datuk Rosnah Abdul Rashid Shirlin, Deputy Works Minister, said that the ministry's committee had also found that the factor causing the collapse of the stadium was due to the inadequate roofing design and quality control and surveillance not implemented at the project site at that time.

According to State Infrastructure Development and Public Utilities Committee Chairman Datuk Za'abar Mohd Adib said that the proposed method of work provided by the contractor to open roof frames in the center was not accurate. The loss due to the roof collapse will be fully borne by the contractor and consequently there will be no incidence of such incidents will cause the cost increase for the project to recover the damage. Za'abar said again that the 137-meter long skeleton collapsed where two-thirds of the entire roof structure that was wanted at that time.

In the incident, five construction workers were injured while there were three people who were seriously injured when the collapse of the long skeleton. The incident involving eight victims who cut the skeleton occurred around 11.30 am on June 2, 2009. The overhaul of the structure was implemented by the contractor and is expected to be completed on Feb 24, 2014 and

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

CAUSE OF TRAGEDY

There are a few causes that lead to the collapse of Stadium Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin. One of the causes is the design and construction of the building had been on an to insure the stadium was ready for the 2008 Sukma Games. The roof structure design was also changed to the light frame steel structure very late in the design meaning the time spent designing it was questionable at best. Prior to the collapse problems with the structure of the roof had already begun. Damage in the frames of the roof along with bang like noises coming from the roof had been observed. Ironically repairs for the roof were actually scheduled for the exact day in which the roof fall down.

The others causes is the design level, inappropriate choice of materials, incompetency of staff involved in construction, poorly constructed roof, and lack of quality supervision. The skills of the staff hired to construct the roof were inadequate as the roof structure was very complex. Subsequently, the quality of work was not up to standard as required by the design.

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Besides that, the long gap between the last concrete stump and the concrete buttress was about 30 m wide. There was not enough support for the large magnitude of force from its own weight. In addition to that, buckling occurred in the inclined members (tube), a sign of load exceeding buckling capacity. Pullout of threaded screws out of the steel ball joints can also be observed after the incident. This means that they have been subjected to load beyond their capacities resulting in failure.

The complex design of the roof and the wide span required more detailed analysis. Other factors that contributed to the stated damage are defective welding in steel components implying poor workmanship and strength of the materials used did not achieve design requirement when tested in preliminary tests thus reducing the mechanical strength of the structure. The roof was also erected poorly causing terrible geometry and thus, catastrophic force distribution along the structure. Non-technical cause includes lack of quality control and safety measures by project management team which causes mistakes to go unnoticed in their early stage.

Defective welding in steel components, reflecting the poor quality of manufacturing or pre-fabrication work, poorly conceived erection method in installing the roof structural components, and no checks were conducted during the interim stages in erection. Inadequate temporary supports used. No apparent quality control by the project management team. Alternative design proposals provided by main contractor were adopted without integrated checks. Preliminary testing of materials used show strengths below design requirements, not meeting specification.

The above factors have contributed largely to the collapse by causing a reduction in the safety factor of the structure which was well below the norms required of such designs. Hence, it can be observed that the quality checks and control system were not

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properly planned and implemented, not only at the job sites but also in the design and planning office by the management team.

There are so many small insignificant factors that engineer doing that occur the accident. It may seem that the engineer has no responsibility and not alert about the law of safety and regulation. The method to help analyze and to determine a project to proceed is risk benefit analysis. This method can summarize that the only ethical way is to implement risk-benefit by sharing the benefit between the engineer and society.

2.2

IMPLICATIONS

Implications of the collapse of Stadium Sultan Zainal Abidin can be seen from two aspects. The first aspect is negative implication and the second is positive implication. This is the implications that can be seen from this tragedy. So, from this tragedy we can analyze on the negative side and positive side.

The implications on the negative side are that people will be afraid to go to the stadium. This is because they are very worried about the safety of themselves. For them, that may happen anywhere but it is a very unfortunate event. The presence of football fans may also diminish, as they say, they are worried about the safety of themselves when in the stadium. Therefore, the stadium may be lacking in football players when a match is held.

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In addition, the stadium which is also a tourist attraction also will cause the number of tourists coming to Terengganu to decrease. Hence, the tourism economy in the area will be slightly slumped. When this tragedy happens too, the negative effect is that there will be parties accusing each other and do not want to be responsible. This may also result in a friction between many parties. They are looking for one another mistake. This is a very critical negative implication.

From the positive aspects that can be seen when the tragedy is happening is how an organization is trying to calm down the mood of a fog when the stadium collapses. The implications that can be seen are that many collaborators especially do the cleaning work when this tragedy happens. Many of them have helped in simplifying matters to clean up the stadium and give help in any aspects.

In addition, the positive aspects that can be seen are the people who are always praying for all this happening to go smoothly and can be resolved immediately. This event can also unite the various societies. It is not just Terenggganu society but also a community from another state. They also provide assistance in order to make sure that this tragedy will not happen again for future.

When we talk about negative effects, there are also positive effects. Due to the fact that the collapse of the stadium is among the bizarre events that may be too rare in the world, it is certainly a common focus. Not just the people of Terengganu who have never seen and experienced it, never seen it. So it is the visitors who come to see themselves with their head eyes to the site of the stadium's ruins. There is now a school holiday season, every day dozens of excursion buses from all over the country come to this country and surely they do not miss the opportunity to see the collapse of the stadium That is, it has brought benefits in terms of tourism sector for the state of Terengganu. State Tourism Exco may be smiling with this atmosphere, as it does not

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require additional spending to promote the state to attract tourists. Meanwhile, traders benefit from their selling profit. At the site of the collapse of the stadium are also many traders doing their business activities. This is also a beneficial to the people of Terengganu.

2.3

MEASUREMENT TAKEN

A consultant engineer was charged at the Session Courts here Monday over the roof collapse incident at Stadium Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin in Gong Badak in June 2, 2009. Based on the charge sheet, Wan Manan was alleged to have acted like an approved examiner in issuing a document dated Jan 15, 2009 on the main roof truss system and its related works for the proposal to construct the main stadium, known as the Terengganu Sport Complex. He is alleged to have signed and submitted the document to the state Public Works Department (PWD) director Rosli Zainal which was also tantamount to deceiving the then State Secretary Datuk Mokhtar Nong into believing he was the approved examiner. The offence was allegedly committed between Jan 15 and March 29, 2009 at the Terengganu PWD office. The charge under Section 419 of the Penal Code carries a maximum jail term of seven years or fine, or both, upon conviction.

An investigation committee established by the Public Works Department to determine the cause of the collapse at the RM292mil stadium underlined several crucial factors in a detailed 60-page confidential report submitted to the state government one year after the incident. Among the factors cited were serious engineering flaws, shoddy workmanship, inferior materials and lack of expertise in the key project management team. It also stated that the project management team did not have the necessary skills and competence to manage a project of such magnitude and complexity.

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The committee also determined that the main cause of the collapse to be, among others, faulty design with failure to take into account the support condition of the roof structure. The committee also noted that the management team had failed to conduct a design analysis, considering that the complex architectural shape and large spans made the structure very sensitive to any movement in the supporting structures.

In 2009, S Subramaniam, the Human Resources Minister, had pledged to amend the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994 to “ensure that the professionals will be more responsible and liable when it comes to safety requirements. Therefore, once the Act is amended, the professionals are accountable for the monitoring the process. So if anything goes wrong immediately the law will allow us to take action,’’ he said. CAP called for the Amendment to the Act to be expedited in the interest of worker and public safety. We also called for the details of the findings of the investigation into the first near-tragedy and also this latest catastrophe to be made public via an independent commission of inquiry.

According to a Socso report, there were 34,376 industrial accidents in 2009 alone. The number of fatalities reported was 1,231. Knowing very well the standards of safety practiced by employers and authorities in the country, how many ‘professionals’ were held accountable and liable for these accidents and deaths?

Regardless of whether the Act has been amended, it is imperative that the contractor, engineers, consultants and the local authorities involved are held accountable and responsible for the avoidable accident which could have resulted in deaths. Only with responsibility and accountability will worker safety improve in Malaysia.

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CHAPTER 3

DISCUSSIONS

3.1

ETHICAL CODE

A code of ethics is a guide of principles designed to help professionals conduct business honestly and with integrity. A code of ethics document may outline the mission and values of the business or organization, how professionals are supposed to approach problems, the ethical principles based on the organization's core values and the standards to which the professional is held. A code of ethics, also referred to as an "ethical code," may encompass areas such as business ethics, a code of professional practice and an employee code of conduct.

The truly sad part about this collapse is that it was entirely preventable. There was no crazy weather phenomenon or act of god that caused this it was simply a case of complete and total failure from design to construction. In the future countries such as this must enforce much stronger codes of ethics and standards of work for all buildings. In the design process something like a per-review should have been utilized for a structure this large and with such high risk to human life. As for the construction process it seems like there was no standards followed at all. With such giant failures from the

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contractor one must look at the owner as to how a company like this could be hired in the first place for a job this significant. These question again lead back to the notion that corruption of the owner in this case the government might have been at work do to how easily all of this could have been prevented.

Construction and site supervision is the part of the work by the contractor that needs close attention and supervision because the final outcome of the finished product depends on the quality of work produced by the contractor on site. Hence, it is expected that the contract workers will be supervised by the site engineers or clerk of works to ensure there is no compromise in design and actual construction work. It is the responsibility of the consultants (both the architect and engineer) to carry out periodic, if not regular, inspection on site to ensure that the quality of work done by the contractor is up to par. The standard site inspection usually carried out to verify everything is within acceptable limits.

3.2

ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Engineers have to follow the design rules and in fact they have to pay the risk by designing something so that any accident can be averted. By generating the owner's manual, maybe the user can use the device or the technology in the right way and it also can reduce the chances of getting any accident that can lead to death or injury. So engineers are born to help the people in the world by inventing the advance technology and designing it with the prospect of safety too. All the design must meet their specifications and standards to ensure a good and safe design. Federal safety laws are different for each departments or industries.

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Engineers are professionally responsible for ensuring that their products or system are safe enough before they are established. They are legally bounded through law and regulations to ensure that their designs are safe from concept through disposal. To ensure a safe design, engineers must foresee the possibilities about the misuses of the products and implement ways to minimize the cautions of product misuses by the users. By adopting a safe design approach, it is possible to design-out health and safety hazards to create a design options that meet both clients need and our obligations as an engineer.

Accepted engineering practice is a safety issues that involve fundamental ideas about how we view the world and what we believe is important and right. A designer has a responsibility to ensure that their conceptions do not put the others on risk. They can't just create the design by simply ignore insignificant risk even it consumes lots of cost. For good engineers, they must always find alternatives about how to improve their current products to improve safety effect besides implementing new ways of design. However, after designing, the products and finished devices must be tested rigorously to see whether the products are safe and meet the specifications needed.

3.3

CODES OF CONDUCTS

The ethical code that can be applied to this case is utilitarianism, duty ethics, and virtue ethics. Utilitarianism means that the engineering company should use the good quality of material and monitor the workmanship of their workers. They cannot just think of mere profit without considering the adverse effects which may occur in the future. Duty ethics means that the responsible parties should take immediate action when they notice any problem happen. However, they turned a blind eye and act like nothing has happen. Virtue ethics means that the engineer should show good character instead of

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bad character other than they should follow all the rules and specification use in that project without neglecting even one of it to prevent from anything bad happen and the must ensure every single specification that has been set by the responsible should be obeyed because there must be a good reason behind each point.

An investigation of the Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stad...