Entomology Lecture Notes 9-18 PDF

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Entomology Lecture Notes 9-18 1. Hymenoptera a. Larva with prolegs will have 5 or more pairs b. Pupa body type- Exarate c. Complete development- 4 life stages d. Ecology i. Majority terrestrial ii. Ant subterranean iii. Adults- free living, larva- free living, parasitic, or in galls e. Food habits- herbivores, mycophages (fungi), predatory, parasitic f. Social behavior g. Most beneficial order to us- predators and parasitoids, pollination 2. Order Lepidoptera a. “Scale” “wing” b. Characteristics i. Wingspan 3-300mm ii. Body shape- elongated and cylindrical iii. Exoskeleton- thin and fragile, body covered with hair iv. Wings- 2 pair, usually forewings are larger than the hind pair, wings are covered with overlapping scales 1. Butterfly- wings held perpendicular to the body axis and above their bodies 2. Moths- wings held flat over the body a. Some wingless species b. Some winged species that does not fly 3. Wing color a. Chemical- scale pigmentation (single color per scale) b. Structural- light reflected, refracted or scattered 4. Wing coupling a. Jugate coupling- a jugal lobe of the posterior margin of the forewing overlaps the anterior margin of the hind-wing b. Frenate coupling- one or more hind-wing bristle hook under a retaining structure on the forewing v. Mouthparts 1. Larva- Mandibulate/ chewing mouthparts and hypognathous 2. Adult- Haustellate/ siphoning; coiled proboscis vestigial in some species vi. Compound eyes- adults only vii. Legs- gressorial viii. Antennae- variable 1. Butterfly a. Clubbed- knobbed at tip 2. Moth- filiform and setaceous (slender and straight) or pectinate and plumose (comb or feather like) c. Larval body type i. Polypod- at the end of each of their prolegs there are crochets (hook-like structures) that dig in to plant material 1. Larva can have different amounts of prolegs 4 or less it is a Lepidoptera

ii. Smooth or with spines, hairs or horns iii. Many species can produce silk with labial spinnerets/glands 1. Silk production- create silken structures or cocoons d. Pupa type- obtect (appendages are closely pressed to the body) i. Lepidoptera pupa- chrysalis e. Development- Holometabolous- complete metamorphosis f. Ecology i. Adults- free living ii. Larvae- free living, inside plants, silken cases g. Food habits i. Larvae- herbivores- many species are voracious feeders ii. Adults- herbivores- liquid meals, some adults do not feed 3. Diptera a. True flies- 122,000 species b. Two-wings c. Characteristics i. Size- .5-60mm ii. Exoskeleton- thin, parchment like iii. Shape- short, slender or wide, flattened or cylindrical- covered with hairs and bristles iv. Cheetotaxy- the no. size, position, and arrangement of bristles used in fly taxonomy v. Wings- one pair 1. Fore pair- membranous 2. Hind pair- reduced, knob- like halters 3. Some species are wingless 4. Forewings often spotted or banded vi. Mouthparts 1. Adults- piecing/ sucking, sponging, cutting/sponging 2. Larvae- prognathous- hook like vii. Compound eyes- well developed viii. Antennae- variable 1. Short/bristele like 2. Plumose 3. Aristate- diagnostic to diptera, a lobe with a single hair ix. Legs- gressorial d. Larva body type- apod, legless e. Pupa type- Exarate i. Pupa often enclosed within a puparium (made from the last instar’s thick, hardened integument) ii. Emerging adult fly uses an inverted sac on the head (ptilinum) to split open the puparium iii. ** ptilinum= Diptera f. Development- Holometabolous- complete g. Ecology i. Adults- free living ii. Larvae- free living, parasitic, many aquatic, some terrestrial h. Food habits

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i. Adults- herbivores, predators, blood feeders ii. Larvae- herbivores, predators, scavengers (decomposers), parasitic 1. Maggots of some species important recyclers of carrion and dung (along with beetles) Unique characteristics i. Most harmful order 1. Key vectors of many human and animal diseases- malaria, elephantiasis ii. Key forensic indicators- first organisms to visit recently dead animals are blowflies and houseflies...