Essentials of International Relations Terms PDF

Preview

Summary

Essential Terms...

Description

Essentials of International Relations, Chapter 1 Anarchy Behavioralism

Constructivism

International relations

Liberalism

Marxism (radicalism)

Realism

Absence of international ruler, society in a State of Nature Man acts in predictable, patterned ways [based on the scientific method] Correlates of War project - applied when examining international wars, multiple causes for outbreak of war Society is a social construction; interests of state are ever-changing Characterization: socially constructed system Actors: individuals Constraints: interactions (continuous) Change: in social norms/identities Study of interactions among various actors that participate in international politics -- these actors include states, different levels of government, international organizations, NGOs States cooperate and follow international norms; human nature is good Characterization: interdependence, international order; NL - institutionalism Actors: states and IGOs Constraints: interdependence, institutions Change: constant small changes with new relationships State is an agent of international capitalism; system exploits the masses Characterization: highly stratified Actors: capitalist states vs. developing Constraints: capitalism, stratification Change: radical change desired International system is defined by distribution of power; national interest defined in terms of power Characterization: anarchy (int'l system) Actors: state Constraints: polarity Change: slow, B of P shif

Essentials of International Relations, Chapters 2 & 3 Bandwagoning Collective security

CONSTRUCTIVISM

States should build up their relative power to intimidate potential rivals into cooperation Aggression by one state is countered by automatic and collective reaction Basis of UN and League of Nations Meanings of objects are constructed through social interaction - state conduct shaped by identities and social norms, interests result of these identities Wendt: political structure can't tell much of a state's interest because identities change as a result of cooperative behavior -- anarchy depends on distribution of identities

Defensive realism

Dependency theorists

Hypotheses

Individual level Institutions International system level

Levels of analysis

LIBERALISM

Power= ideas, culture States should pursue policies of restraint Most wars do not benefit those who started them Primary importance to role of MNCs and international banks based in developed countries in exerting fundamental controls over developing countries Maintain dependency relationships Specific falsifiable statements questioning a particular relationship among two or more variables Personality; perception; choices of individual decision makers Structures of social order around which individual and group identities emerge Distribution of power; relative strengths and weaknesses of international and regional organizations Categorization that suggests appropriate type of evidence to explain events - causes of wars; used by Kenneth Waltz Individual; State; International system Humans are innately good; wars can be moderated through spread of democracy and well-regulated capitalism Political institutions promote social progress

Multinational corporations (MNCs) National interest

Neoliberal institutionalism

Neorealism

Offensive realism

RADICALISM

Rational actors REALISM

State level

Theory Unitary actor

Essentials of International Relations, Chapter 4

Lasting peace is possible - Kant: perpetual peace (work of "rational devils") Private enterprises with production facilities, sales, or activities in several states Interest of the state - pertaining to protection of territory and sovereignty Realism - power Liberalism - many national interests Radical - elites' interests Cooperation between states stems from continuous interactions through institutions - in self-interest of states to cooperate Structure of international system is the explanatory factor (ANARCHY) Waltz: anarchy is constant; distribution of capabilities fluctuates Periodically demonstrating a willingness to engage in war Might be costly in the short run, but may pay dividends in reputation later on Private interests of capitalist economy create class bondages; new social patterns develop natural evolution for exploited proletariat to rise up Decisions made afer weighing strengths and weaknesses in pursuit of national interest States act in unitary ways in pursuit of their own national interest, defined in terms of power System= anarchy Most important concern= increase own power Power= military capabilities Domestic factors; characteristics of state, including type of government, economic system, interest groups within the county, national interest Set of propositions used to predict phenomena by specifying relations among the propositions State speaks with one voice afer decision to go to war - no substantial actors trying to overturn government's decision

Bipolarity Global North vs. Global South

Two hegemons; alliances tend to be long term Conflicting interests between the developed and developing worlds -- developed countries at top of the pyramid of stratification LDCs - exploited for resources

International society

International system - constructivism

International system - liberalism

International system - radicalism International system - realism Multilateralism Multipolarity

Polarity Stratification System Unipolarity

Essentials of International Relations, Chapter 5

1970s - NIEO (New Int'l Econ Order) - call for change by LDCs Result of shared geographic history of the Roman Empire and shared social and authoritarian history of the Catholic Church - common identity Eurocentricity - definition of power can change over time - importance= shared meaning imposed on capabilities, not material distribution of capabilities - system= social construction - idea of international system is ethnocentric - interdependence among actors - negotiations, multilateralism - international order - institutions -- key power limits own autonomy - NEO: form relationships through repeated interactions System defined by stratification based on vital resources (I.e. oil and military strength) - anarchy - polarity -- unipolar, bipolar, multipolar Negotiating and coordinating; based on collective security Balance of power system; at least three states balance; alliances formed for short duration - for single purpose Distribution of capabilities Uneven distribution of resources; result of capitalism Composed of different interacting units - change in one causes changes in others Single hegemon; will make great efforts to enforce norms, the status quo

Bureaucratic politics Celebrity diplomacy Challenges to state power

Compellence Democratic peace theory Deterrence

Diplomacy

Ethnonational movements Extremist Christian fundamentalism Extremist Islamic fundamentalism

First-strike capability Foreign policy decision making: rational model Hard power Intangible sources of power Irredentism

Nation

Nation-state Natural sources of power

Decisions are the result of push and pull between groups Use of popular individuals to bring attention to an issue/to try to influence decision makers Globalization, transnational movements, ethnonational movements, transnational crime, failed states Threat of force or force used to target a state to do something Democracies do not go to war with each other (DOYLE) Threat of force or force used to keep an adversary from doing something; includes actual threat of war States trying to influence the behavior of other actors by negotiating as power equals Might need to call on to encourage acceptance: diplomatic recognition, foreign aid, threat of negative consequences Participation in organized political activity of selfconscious communities sharing ethnic affiliation Groups seeking to replace secular state authority and willing to use violence in the name of God Authority should be based on Koran; calls for radical state transformation; advocate violence as a means of putting religion authority in power Ability to launch a nuclear attack capable of completely preventing retaliatory strike Used during crisis, when trying to anticipate the decisions of another state Use of military and economic means to coerce other powers National image, quality of government, public support, leadership, morale Joining another state that is populated by fellow ethnonationalists Alternative to forming own state Common history/heritage Nationalism - devotion and allegiance to the nation Formed when people sharing the same cultural roots form states Geographic size and position, natural resources, population

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) Organizational politics Power

Power potential Public diplomacy

Sanctions

Private associations of individuals or groups that engage in political, economic, or social activities Decisions depend on precedents (examples, samples, patterns) Ability not only to influence others but also to control outcomes so as to produce the result that would not have occurred naturally Realists and radicals - material Liberals and constructivists - concepts Power that an entity could have; may not always be able to transfer into actual power Targeting both foreign publics and elites, attempting to create an overall image that enhances a country's ability to achieve its diplomatic objectives Economic, diplomatic, even coercive military force for enforcing international policy Positive (incentive) or negative (punishment)

Satisficing

Second-strike capability Smart power

Smart sanctions

Sof power State

Tangible sources of power Transnational movements

Essentials of International Relations, Chapter 6

Radicals - only wealthy states can use this power, shows hegemony of capitalism Settling for a decision that satisfies the different constituents without ostracizing any, even if it is not the best possible outcome Ability of a state to respond and hurt an adversary afer the first strike Combination of hard power of coercion and payment with sof power of persuasion and attraction Limited sanctions targeted to hurt or support specific groups; used to avoid the humanitarian costs of general sanctions Ability to attract others because of the legitimacy of the state's values - uses intangible power Territorial base; stable population; government to which its population owes allegiance; recognized diplomatically by others Industrial development, economic diversification, level of infrastructure, characteristics of military Groups of people from different states who share beliefs and who work together to change the status quo

Belief system

Cognitive consistency

Evoked set Groupthink Mirror image Personality characteristics

Theory views about position of the individual

Two-track diplomacy

Essentials of International Relations, Chapter 7

Organized and integrated perceptions of individuals in society, including foreign policy makers, ofen based on past history, that guide them to select certain policies over other Tendency to accept information that is compatible with what has previously been accepted, ofen ignoring inconsistent information Details in a present situation that are similar to information gleaned from past situations Small groups form consensus and restrict criticism of that core position Seeing in one's opponent the opposite characteristics seen in oneself Affect the leadership of dictators more than that of democratic rulers because there are no effective checks Realism - state= unitary actor; not differentiated by personality or government type but by relative power Liberalism/constructivism - personal characteristics can make a difference on foreign policy Utilizes individuals outside of governments to carry out task of conflict resolution

Collective good

Complex peacekeeping

European Union

Functions of international law

General Assembly

Group 20 Group 77 Human security IGOs: theory perspectives

Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)

International regimes Security Council

Self-help mechanisms

Public goods that are available to all regardless of individual contributions to IGOs - decisions by one state affects of other states Respond to civil war and ethnonationalist conflicts within states that may not requested UN assistance Ex. of failure: Rwanda, Darfur, DR of Congo Founded for economic integration (creating common market); goals have expanded to creating a closer political and economic union European Council= heads of state - set initiatives -- increasing power Setting a body of expectations, providing order, protecting the status quo, and legitimizing the use of force by a government to maintain order States rely on self-interest; participate out of selfhelp Main deliberative body =; six functional committees; 193 members Power= marginalized since SC gained Coalition of major economic powers - meets to discuss economic issues Coalition of developing states that called for a New International Economic Order Protection of individuals from violence, environmental and health disasters Realism - doubt effectiveness of collective action Liberalism - international law is a source of order Constructivism - represent ideas Radicalism - interests skewed for western states Organizations that moderate state behavior, provide framework for interactions, facilitate transparency between states Rules and principles that establish expectations about the behavior of other states Responsible for peace and security and decides on enforcement measures; 5 permanent powers, 10 regional rotating Powers have grown b/c of greater cooperation post-Cold War Realists believe that no other states can be relied upon to help guarantee the state's survival

Traditional peacekeeping

United Nations (UN) - founding principles (3)

Universal jurisdiction

Essentials of International Relations, Chapter 8

Multilateral institutions such as the UN seek to contain conflicts between two states through third-party military forces Peacekeeping forces= buffer - each state is legally equal (one GA vote) however, five permanent, wealthy powers in SC - international problems fall under jurisdiction - designed to maintain peace and security Legal concept that permits states to claim legal authority beyond their national territory for the purpose of punishing a particularly heinous criminal that violates the laws of all states or protecting human rights

Arms control

Asymmetric conflict

Conventional war

Disarmament Diversionary war

First image: individual

Guerilla warfare

Humanitarian intervention

Interstate war Intrastate war

Just war tradition

Limited war

Managing insecurity: liberalism Managing insecurity: realism Noncombatant immunity Nonviolent resistance Nuclear proliferation Responsibility to protect (R2P) Second image: state/society

Restrictions on the research, manufacture, or deployment of weapons systems and certain types of troops War between political actors of unequal strength; weaker party tries to neutralize its opponent's strength by exploiting weaknesses Destructive effects can be limited in space and time to those who are the legitimate targets of war Policy of eliminating a state's offensive weaponry; general logic= fewer weapons, greater security Theory that leaders start conflicts to divert attention from domestic problems Radicals link to war in capitalist states Aggressive characteristics of leaders, misperceptions by leaders, communications failures Use of irregular armed forces to undermine the will of an incumbent government by selectively attacking vulnerable points Intervention by the international community may be justified or obligatory to alleviate massive violations of human rights War between sovereign states War within states Since WWII: civil war has increased while interstate war has dropped Must be a just cause to go to war (self-defense of defense of others); all other possibilities must be exhausted Ofen initiated over less-than-critical issues and as such tend to involve less-than-total national resources Collective security, arms control/disarmament Balance of power and deterrence Protection of all civilians not using weapons main concern for just war theory Resistance to authority that employs measures other than violence Geographic diffusion of the capacity to use nuclear weapons State's obligation to intervene if they might reasonably end abuses Liberal capital states (R), nonliberal states (L), struggle between groups for economic resources,

ethnocentric challengers

Security dilemma

Terrorism

Third image: international system

Three levels of analysis (WALTZ) - CAUSES OF WAR Total war

Democratic peace theory If one state improves its military capabilities, those improvements are seen by other states as threats Key feature of realist theory Attacks are political in nature or intent; perpetrators are nonstate actors; targets are noncombatants; unconventional and unpredictable Anarchy, power transitions - anticipation of shifs in power, aggressiveness of international capitalist class - Individual - State/society - International system Armed conflicts involving massive loss of life and widespread destruction, usually with many participants, including multiple major powers Industrialization revolutionized killing power; world wars - made war obsolete?

Unconventional warfare

War

Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

Prevention: economic hegemony (R), democratic peace theory (L) Distinguished in general by a willingness to ignore conventions of war, whether by flouting restrictions on legitimate targets of violence or by refusing to accept the traditional outcomes of battles as an indicator of defeat Organized and deliberate political act by an established political authority, which must cause 1000 or more deaths in a 12-month period, and which requires at least two actors capable of harming each other Nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons whose destructive effects cannot be limited in space and time [indiscriminate] Mutual assured destruction (MAD) - led to shelving plans for nuclear war

Essentials of International Relations, Chapter 9 Antiglobalization issues

Labor mobility (can lead to illegal immigration); rise of illicit markets; crises have international impact - Ukraine

Beijing Consensus BRICS Comparative advantage

Derivatives Direct foreign investment General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT -now WTO) Globalization

Group of 7 (G7) Hegemonic stability theorists International Monetary Fund (IMF) Liberalism (economic)

Marxism Mercantilism Moral hazard

Most-favored-nation (MFN) principle

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Offshore financial centers

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

New interpretation of mercantilism with China as the model Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa -- group of emerging economic powers States should produce and export those products that they can produce most efficiently relative to other states since states differ in resources Derived from an asset (loans, etc.) which parties agree to exchange over time Building of factories and investing in the facilities...