Apuntes Completos - History of international relations PDF

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HISTORIA DE LAS RELACIONESINTERNACIONALESGRADO EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALESUniversidad Deusto Curso 2020-TimelineThe seventeenth century 1618-1629 The Hasburgs crushed Protestants in Germany 1631 Sweden intervened against Habsburg lead by Gustavus supported by French 1632 Gustavus was killed 1635 F...

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HISTORIA DE LAS RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES GRADO EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES

Universidad Deusto Curso 2020-2021

Timeline The seventeenth century 1618-1629 The Hasburgs crushed Protestants in Germany 1631 Sweden intervened against Habsburg lead by Gustavus supported by French 1632 Gustavus was killed 1635 France declared the war to Habsburg/ Sweden completely defeated 1648 The 30 years war ended/ Victory of German/ Peace of Westphalia 1648-1789 Era of the Classical International system The eighteenth century 1701-1714 War of the Spanish succession 1714 Treaty of Utrecht 1746 French sized the English trading post at Madras 1754-1763 French and Indian war 1756-1763 Seven years war 1789 French revolution The nineteenth century 1803-1815 Napoleonic war 1805 Battle of Trafalgar-Austerlitz/ Peace of Pressburg 1807 Treaty of Fontainebleau 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn 1815 Congress of Vienna 1815-1914 Concert of Europe 1818 France enters the Concert of Europe 1820 Britain causing friction with borders 1823 Monroe Doctrine 1825-1830 Revolt in Java 1830 French began acquiring territorial rights in Algeria and Indochina 1835-1837 Great Treck 1842 Britain go to war in China 1850 Bismarck isolation policy 1848 Revolutions 1852 Napoleon III emperor/ asked protection to the Turkish Catholics in Ottoman 1853-1856 Crimean War 1853-1871 Chaos prevailed in Europe 1856 Treaty of Paris 1857 Indian troops rebelled against in the Great Munity BEIC

1858 Napoleon III concluded a secret understanding with Camilo, prime minister of piedmont, Sardinia/ British government took direct rule in India 1859 Napoleon went to war with Austria over Italy 1862 Bismarck Prime Minister 1863 Polish Revolution 1866 Austro-Prussian war/ Treaty of Prague 1867 British dominion in Canada 1869 Cape Colony, Rhodes made a fortune, diamonds. British expansion to Africa 1870 Franco-Prussian war/ Germany returned to the traditional alliances with Austria and Russia 1870-1914 New Imperialism 1871 Treaty of Frankfurt 1873 Bismarck created three emperors league 1874-1912 Balkans crisis 1875-1914 Migration from Europe due to imperialism 1876 Bulgarians rebellion 1878 Congress in Berlin 1880 discovery of gold in Transvaal (British) 1882 From dual alliance to Triple alliance/ British Protectorate 1884-1885 Berlin Conference due to rivalries of African territory 1885 New Bulgaria dominated by a German prince 1887 Bismarck encourage Austria and Italy 1898 Anglo-French Conflict in Sudan 1890 Bismarck dismissed 1894-1895 Sino-Japanese war 1899 “The white man’s Burden “ 1899-1902 The Boer War The twentieth century 1905 Belgian government took the control of the Belgian Congo 1917 Decree on Peace/ Russian revolution 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1919 Treaty of Versailles/ League of Nations/ Paris peace 1922 Mussolini control of Italy / Rapallo agreement with germany 1923-1933 Policies of Gustav Stresemann 1924 Stalin after Lenin's dead un Soviet Union 1925 Locarno treaties 1926 Germany joined the League of Nations/ Special commission for disarmament/ Neutrality treaty of berlin renewed in 1931 1928 Briand-Kellogg Pact 1929 Wall street crash 1932-1934 World disarmament conference 1933 Adolf Hitler, Germany withdraw from the League of Nations

1934 Hitler become the dictator of Germany 1935 Franco-soviet pact 1936 USSR + Czechoslovakia pact/ Remilitarization of Rhineland 1936-1939 Spanish civil war 1937 Annexation of Sudetenland 1938 The Austrian Anschluss/ The Munich Agreement 1938–1945 German occupation of Czechoslovakia 1939 Soviet invasion of Finland/ European strategic/ Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact known as “The treaty of non-aggression between G and the USSR/ Annexation of Czechoslovakia to the third reich/ Hitler invaded poland 1939-1975 Franco dictatorship 1940 Hideki Tojo Japan first minister Japan control (military) 1943-1949 Soviet A-Bomb 1945-1949 Chinese civil war (Communism) 1945-1960 Decolonization process 1947 Truman doctrine 1947-1991 Cold war 1948-1949 Block to Berlin 1949 Creation of NATO 1950 NSC-68 Presidency of Truman 1950 Korean war 1954 Taiwan crisis 1955 Eastern Europe Solidifying in Communism/ Bomber Gap 1956 Distant Early Warning System/ Poland and Hungary revolutions 1956-1957 Middle East 1960 The French A-Bomb/ Congo Crisis/ U2 Shot Down 1961 Berlin Crisis/ Bay of Pigs/ Berlin Wall/ Vietnam 1961-1962 Cuban Missiles Crisis 1962 LTBT 1963 Vietnam Coup/ Hot-Line Agreement/ Kennedy Assassinated 1964 China A-Bomb/ Vietnam 1965 Dominican republic civil war/ Vietnam 1966 Anti-War and Civil Rights Movements 1967 Middle East War/ Outer Space Treaty/ Latin American Nuclear free Zone. 1968 Tet Offensive Vietnam/ Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty/ Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia 1969 Nixon Administration/ Sino Soviet War 1969-1972 Vietnam 1971 Indo Pakistan War 1972 SATI and the AMB treaty/ Biological Weapons Treaty/ United States China Rapprochement 1973 US pulls out of Vietnam/ Coup in Chile/ Middle East War/ Threshold Test Ban Treaty 1973-1974 Watergate Crisis

1974 Indian A-Bomb/ Nixon resignation 1975 Fall of South Vietnam/ Vladivostok Accords/ Angola independence war/ Mayagüez Incidents 1978 Ethiopia; Ogden war 1979 Iran revolution/ Formal diplomatic relation with China with USA/ Salt II USAA and soviet union negotiations/ Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1980 Iran hostage rescue mission

UNIT 1: WESTPHALIAN ORDER AND NAPOLEONIC WARS (1648-1805) 1.1 WHAT LEAD TO THE 30 YEARS WAR The reconquest of Spain + the 1492 discovery of America implied the growth of the power of Spanish monarchy Isabel + Fernando; Juana “the mad” + Felipe “the handsome”; Carlos I of Spain and V of Germany; Felipe V The Holy Roman Empire was a model of medieval state, political expression of Catholicism (political, territorial and national factors subordinated to the religious). Main actors: Pope and Emperor: complemented each other in governance and decision making. Holy Roman Empire: feudal German states + north of Italy, the dominant force in Central Europe until 1806 dissolution (decline started with the peace of Westphalia). Felipe El Hermoso (reigning 1505-1506) was the grandson of Maximilian, a Holy Roman Emperor of Central Europe which united the Habsburg family with the Spanish dynasty. His son, Carlos (reigning 1516-1556), would inherit Spain and its empire in the Americas, some territories in the south of Italy, Central Europe, Northern Africa. Carlos’s son, Felipe II (1556-1598) also inherited the Portuguese empire and Portugal itself, becoming extremely powerful Some decades later, Calvinism and Protestantism started spreading over Central Europe, which led to the 30 Years War.

1.2 30 YEARS WAR (1618-1848) Originated the international modern state system. War of political authority: states challenge the authority of the Church and the Empire, sovereignty over their people and territory. 4 central actors: Catholic Church + the Habsburgs: controlling the Holy Roman Empire + local protestant German princes: wanted to escape Spanish domination + France and Sweden (other powers) 1.2.1 RICHELIEU’S ROLE He was a French catholic cardinal, the French State Secretary during the war. He invented the principle of “raison d’état”: prioritizing national interest over religious, moral and ethical values. He was a catholic cardinal, he fought Catholicism because he believed it was the best for his country at the moment. He organized the resistance to Spanish domination and an international coalition to defeat the Habsburg and the Church.

His aim was to distribute power and land in a way that France can expand and become powerful (the only way to expand is by controlling Spanish territory). France expanded its territory toward North and East: Belgium, Netherlands, Northern Europe and it fed rebellions against Spain in controlled territories. 1.2.2 THE WAR 1618-1629: Habsburg crushed protestants in Germany. 1631-1635: Sweden (protestant) interveners led by Gustavus Adolphus and supported by France. Both have the same goal: if the Habsburg dominate Germany, their independence is imperiled. Richelieu: “If Germany is lost, France cannot exist”. Gustavus crushed Habsburgs in a series of battles in 1631-1632, but is killed in battle in September 1632. 1635-1648: France invades Germany and defeats the Habsburgs. Very costly war: estimated that about half of German population was killed. 1.2.3 THE TREATY OF WESTPHALIA (1648) Victory for German princes over: Catholic Church + Habsburg Empire. Gave individual rulers in Holy Roman Empire: the right to govern their land free of external interference. Keep any land they had confiscated from church. Broader importance: ended imperial unity and unity under Catholic Church as organizing principle for Europe. Evolved into modern principle of sovereignty: “Supreme and independent political authority of the nation-state within its own territory.” It established a new international order (non-interference in internal affairs: cuius regio, eius religio) based on: ➔ National sovereignty ➔ Legal equality among states ➔ Territorial integrity Principle of “pacta sunt servanda”: agreements are to be kept. It gave start to: ➔ Diplomacy: political-diplomatic negotiation. ➔ Collective security: states group together to ensure safety (balance of power). ➔ Just cause: no country should be allowed to interfere in another country’s issues unless there is a just cause (invasion, violation of treaty...)

Territorial adjustments to favor the balance of power: ➔ Switzerland independence ➔ Dutch independence This gave way to the existence of an anarchical international system: no vertical coercion as within the states. Politics in the absence of a higher authority (realism vs. revisionism). This started eroding the Holy Roman Empire, because it couldn’t recruit soldiers, taxes, make laws, declare war or ratify peace terms without consent of states that constituted the Empire. Traditional Realist view: the Westphalian system of sovereign states was established in 1648 as part of the Peace of Westphalia. There were three core points to the treaty: the principle of state sovereignty, the principle of (legal) equality of states, the principle of non-intervention of one state in the international affairs of another. The Peace of Westphalia legitimated the right of sovereigns to govern their peoples free of outside interference, whether any such external claim to interfere was based on political, legal or religious principles. Sovereignty, as a concept, formed the cornerstone of the edifice of international relations that 1648 raised up. Sovereignty was the crucial element in the peace treaties of Westphalia, the international agreements that were intended to end a great war and to promote a coming peace. The treaties of Westphalia enthroned and sanctified sovereigns, gave them powers domestically and independence externally. Leo Gross: “Westphalia, for better or worse, marks the end of an epoch and the opening of another. It represents the majestic portal which leads from the old into the new world” Westphalian sovereignty is the principle of international law that each nation state has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in another country's domestic affairs, and that each state (no matter how large or small) is equal in international law.

1.3 THE 18TH CENTURY TRANSFORMATION The eighteenth century marked the passage in European life from the old aristocratic order to the beginnings of modern society. When the age began Louis XIV was still firmly entrenched; before the century ended Louis XVI and his wife had been executed by the National Convention of the French Revolution-itself inspired, in theory at least, by the American Revolution of a few years earlier. Elsewhere in Europe enlightened despots like Frederick the Great of Prussia responded to the growing restlessness of their subjects by reorganizing government and improving living conditions.

Frederick's court even became one of the leading cultural and intellectual centers of the time; C. P. E. Bach directed the music there and Voltaire spent two years as Frederick's guest. The Peace of Westphalia marked the passage from an old aristocratic order to a modern society (almost total peace until Napoleonic wars, 150 years). It was a year of deep transformation, especially due to the Enlightenment, which inspired the French and American Revolution: from old to new regime. Enlightenment despots (Frederick the Great of Prussia) reorganized the government and imposed living conditions (culture, literature...) 1.3.1 SPANISH SUCCESSION WAR Last Spanish Habsburg (Charles the II) dies, and a war in Europe starts to decide who rules Spain. Two candidates: - a European Habsburg (sustain link between European Habsburgs and Spain). - Philippe d’Anjou (grandson of Louis XIV): unite France and Spain. The conflict was: - National: civil war between Crown of Aragon (supported Charles of Austria) and the Crown of Castille (supported Bourbons). - International: Bourbon supported by France; and Austria supported by the Netherlands, England and Sweden. The Bourbons win and a new competition starts: Spain + France vs. Great Britain. Spain ceded: Gibraltar to Great Britain + Milan and Sardinia to Austria. By the end of the century the battle for freedom had plunged France into chaos and demonstrated to the whole of Europe that the old social order had come to an end. The following century was to see the struggle to forge a new society. French Revolution: 1789-1799 American Revolution: 1775-1783 1.3.2. SEVEN YEARS WAR (1756-1763) CAUSES: - After the explorations of the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries, the European powers protected their interests by building a series of fortified trading posts throughout the maritime regions - Boundaries in the new colonies were disputed and due to territorial expansion, Empires overlapped with each other

- Commercial competition ultimately generated violence: in 1746 French forces seized the English trading post at Madras, India. In the Caribbean English pirates attacked Spanish vessels and French and English forces fought over the sugar islands - Interdependence between European powers It all culminated in the Seven Years War: a series of international conflict because: control of Central European Silesia and colonial supremacy in North America and India. On one side was France, Austria, Saxony, Sweden, and various German states. On the other was Britain, Prussia, and Hanover. In the 18th Century, Britain was the dominant naval power while France had a powerful army. A global war: - In Europe, Britain and Prussia fought against France, Austria, and Russia - In India, British and French allied with local rulers and fought each other - In the Caribbean, the Spanish and French fought the British - In North America, the Seven Years’ War merged with the ongoing French and Indian War (1754-1763) which pitted the British and French against each other RESULTS: - Britain was now in a position to dominate world trade for the foreseeable future - The Seven Years’ War paved the way for the establishment of the British Empire of the 19th Century - Dominion of North America, global and naval power - The unsuccessful attempt to dominate America will cause an interest on the part of France to dominate Europe (Napoleon) - Planted the seeds for the creation of the US (13 colonies’ independence) - France was left with Quebec. 1.3.3 AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1775-1783) CAUSES: 1760s, public opinion in 13 colonies: awareness of common identity and interests. 1775-1781, War of Independence vs. Great Britain. The financial crisis during the Seven Years War resulted in a rise of taxes from Great Britain. Colonies considered taxes unfair and reacted violently (Boston massacre) so all taxes were removed except from the Tea Tax (Boston Tea Party). CONFLICT: It was both a revolutionary and decolonization process, and it supposed both internal changes in the colonies and conflicts with the metropolis.

CONSEQUENCES: Creation of a new sovereign state: US, which changed the international scenario drastically. Legally established in the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the Constitution (1787) which served as an example for France and Spain. 1.4 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1799) CAUSES: - Politics: French population stopped supporting the monarchic government because of the inequalities in the system between the nobility and the ordinary folk. - Economy: agricultural crisis (harvests ruined, famine). Farmers still needed to pay taxes (impossible for them). - Ideology: liberal bourgeois and nobles played an important role: theoretical basis and intellectual ideals. Liberals, republicanism, nationalism, secularism... - Social situation: popular opposition to the government, because of the political and economic situation. CONFLICT: Clash between revolutionary ideals and absolute monarchs: brought social and political transformation and union of old enemies vs. France. CONSEQUENCES: - Abolition of French monarchy: parliamentary monarchy: republic (separation of powers): 1st Constitution. - End of privileges for aristocracy and servitude/feudal system. - Equal distribution of money/equal taxes. - Religious freedom/of expression (changes in Church and State relations). - There was a defensive reaction by the absolute monarchies in Europe against the revolutionary movements (fear of revolutions expanding).

During the Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power: - November 1799 orchestrated a coup - 1804 became the First Consul, Emperor of France. - 1800-1815 built an enormous Empire from Spain to Russia. - He expanded the Republican ideals throughout Europe, and that would have a long lasting effect in the continent. - Napoleon’s actions during these 10 years conformed a number of coalitions, alliances, that would significantly affect International Relations in the next 100 years (until First World War).

UNIT 2: FROM NAPOLEON TO THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2.1 THE NAPOLEONIC WARS 19th century was a constant clash between the European absolute monarchs and the revolutionary ideals, which implied a change into modern society: from sovereign monarchs to sovereign peoples. As the French decided to keep their strategy to control Europe, the British controlled North America and various colonies outside Europe. The Third Coalition (UK, Russia, Holy Roman Empire, Sweden...) was formed to fight the Napoleonic army but the war of the Third Coalition (1803-1806) failed at stopping Napoleonic Wars. 2.1.1 THE BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR (1805) Napoleon wanted to recover the land lost in America during the Seven Years War and planned to conquer the British Islands to end with British dominance and its naval power. The most powerful tool of the British Empire was the Royal Navy. Napoleon’s strategy was to weaken it, as it was the key element to British power around the world. His strategy was to force the Royal Navy out of Europe while French and Spanish Navy conquer the British Islands. It was a great failure: UK wrecked French and Spanish (especially) fleets and consolidated its uncontested dominion of the seas. France changed their strategy and decide to fight the UK in land and ended up conquering most of Europe. 2.1.2. THE BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ Napoleon decided to conquer most of European powers and then attack the UK again. It was one of the most notable victories of Napoleon’s Grande Armeé (vs. Russia and Austria). The Battle ended with the Peace of Pressburg (1805), which dissolved the Holy Roman Empire and the Austrian territory was given to German princes who supported Napoleon. Napoleon's strategy regarding Great Britain was to dominate the whole continent, from Belgium and The Netherlands to Russia, in order to isolate the UK and its commercial relations with the continent: COMMERCIAL WAR: this way, its manufactured goods couldn’t be sold to its usual customers. It ended with the Berlin Decree (1806), which forbade the import of British goods into European countries countries and installed the Continental System. All connections were to be cut, even the mail. Napoleon needed to conquer Spain, Austria, Prussia, Russia... Spain didn’t need to be conquered bec...