Exam #1 - Lecture notes Exam #1_Lectures 1-5 PDF

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Pre-Columbian Spain

Tuesday 7/7

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SPAIN BEFORE COLUMBUS

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Iberian Peninsula=geographic region of Europe where modern day Portugal and Spain are located  Part of Roman Empire (200 BC – 400 AD)  Visigoths (415-711 AD): Germanic tribes that occupied after invasion of Roman Empire; had converted to Christianity by the time of occupation  Moors (711-1492 AD): Islamic people from North Africa

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Reconquista=campaign to retake Iberian Peninsula from the Moors by European, Christian people (ended 1492)  End of Reconquista freed up funds that were then able to be used for other ventures like Columbus’ expedition

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Christopher Columbus:  Italian descent  Pitched idea that you could sail westward from Europe to Asia in about a month; originally refused funding by Spanish monarchs  Portugal finding water route to Asia around southern cape of Africa influenced decision by Spanish monarchs to fund Columbus  Hired by Ferdinand & Isabella (Spanish monarchs) in 1492

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“THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE” =exchange of animals, plants, and micro-organisms that were biologically isolated prior to Columbus discovery and then beginning of transfer between the “Old” and “New” World

Native Americans of Texas; Spanish Exploration & Settlement; Mexican Independence

Thursday 7/9

MAJOR NATIVE AMERICAN GROUPS IN TX  Pre-Columbian Native Americans: some general similarities…  Profound belief in supernatural forces/use of “shamans”  believed shamans could communicate with supernatural forces in order to predict future/weather, ask for assistance, etc.

 Strong oral traditions  did not have a written language  Little belief in private ownership of land  believed land was owned equally by everyone  however, would claim land for a single tribe, but never individual Pre-Columbian Native Americans: some general differences…  Orientation of life/food acquisition  Tribal Customs  Distinct Languages Caddo: 

Location=northeastern-most corner of TX

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Building of mounds:  Uses=tombs, altars on top (for rituals), etc.

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Lived in villages (relatively sedentary)  Lived in single location for approx. 5-10 years  Constructed huts that looked like bee hives for residences Relatively active/successful traders (prior to European arrival)  Therefore, had a lot of contact with other tribes

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Karankawa:  Location=southeastern TX, along the Gulf Coast, around Galveston Bay  Fishing=primary food source  Semi-Nomadic: moved around, but within a given area  Since were not farmers, had to move for hunting purposes  Lived in temporary camps (see prev. point above)  Constructed makeshift tents out of sticks, covered with hides/moss Apache:  Location=western TX  However, were not in TX originally when Europeans arrived  Originally lived on Great Plains  Major changes in lifestyle following arrival of horses from Europe Comanche: 

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Location=western TX  Like Apache, originally lived in Wyoming (near Yellowstone park) prior to arrival of Europeans Also major changes in lifestyle (like Apache) following arrival of horses

Uses of Buffalo by Plains Indians (e.g. Apache, Comanche, Kiowa):  Tools/weapons made out of bones  Hides used for clothing and building material for housing (teepees)  Organs used to make containers (e.g. water canteens)

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Hair used to make string Buffalo dung used a fuel source for making fires Believed not using every part was immoral/spiritually wrong

EARLY SPANISH EXPLORATIONS IN TX Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca: 

Family gained status in Spain during the Reconquista

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On Narvaez expedition to explore Florida  Cabeza de Vaca was 1 of the group of 4 men that were aboard one of the boats that wrecked on the TX coast that would actually

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survive the expedition: Alonso del Castillo, Andres Dorantes de Carranza, and Estevan (African slave) The 4 remaining men survived by being captured & enslaved by

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Karankawa/Coahuiltecan Indians The group of 4 men were eventually able to escape, and would then set

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out on a 2 year trek across South TX and northern Mexico During travels, gained notoriety as a healer among the natives in TX after

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he removed an arrow from the shoulder of an injured Indian Estevan: black slave on expedition that was instrumental in communicating with natives during exploration/travels  Learned native’s sign language & was able to communicate  By communicating was able to ascertain which trails to take

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Expedition ended when men finally made it back to Mexico City Stories about rumors of cities of jewels and gold in Mexico that he had heard during travels throughout TX that he relayed to Viceroy Mendoza resulted in many future expeditions

Father Marcos de Niza:    

Leader of one of the expeditions sponsored by Viceroy Mendoza in response to Cabeza de Vaca’s reports about cities of gold Estevan (from Cabeza de Vaca expedition) accompanied journey Returned after group of scouts were killed by Zuni Indians Reported to Viceroy that the city in which the scouts were killed was the legendary city of gold (maybe saw pueblo roofs glistening in sun)

Francisco de Coronado:  Leader of expedition sponsored by Spanish Viceroy after Marcos de Niza’s 

report of a city of gold Found city that de Niza claimed to be made of gold but found Indian city of pueblos instead (Zuni pueblo of Hawikuh in New Mexico)

 Had notary read aloud the requerimiento aloud in public to pueblo Indians 

 When Indians didn’t submit, battle broke out & many Indians killed “El Turco”: man that Coronado encountered during expedition following fight with Zuni Indians (man was a prisoner there) that told them that he

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was from the place that they were looking for (i.e. the city of gold)  Led them through New Mexico, Oklahoma, and eventually to Kansas  Led them back to his home Wichita Indian village in Kansas Returned to Mexico & reported to Viceroy that nothing of value in TX  Spanish did not return to TX for many years as a result

Sieur de La Salle: 

French explorer that traveled down the Mississippi river to the Gulf of

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Mexico and claimed land that he named Louisiana (after King Louis XIV) Established New Orleans at mouth of Mississippi on coast of Caribbean Built Fort St. Louis  Completion of the Fort allowed for a number of other expeditions that followed to explore the lower Mississippi river  During one of these secondary expeditions, La Salle was

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assassinated by one of his own men who shot him in the back, after which the French settlement fell apart  Karankawa attacked the remaining Frenchmen & destroyed the Fort La Salle’s exploration & presence in region resulted in rumors of French presence in TX which was what brought Spanish back to TX territory again after long absence following disappointment of Coronado expedition

Missions: 

Religious establishments of Spanish designated for spreading Christianity

Timeline for Texas Missions:

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1690: Initial missionary work in Northeast TX 1700-1750: 2nd try at missions/founding of San Antonio 1750-1800: Failed missionary efforts Presidios=garrisons built with missions for protection, storing arms, etc. San Francisco de los Tejas = First Spanish mission in East Texas, near border with Louisiana  Location chosen in response to La Salle & French presence  Also had a presidio  Founded by Father Damian Massanet, who was placed in charge of all mission work in East Texas  Located in Caddo Indian territory  Friendly interaction with Caddo initially & established trade  Some Caddos lived at the mission  Relations turned bad when fathers at mission imposed too much change on the Caddos and did not respect their native religion  Rebellion by natives caused the Spanish to eventually have to abandon the Mission  Difficulties with the Tejas Indians as well as problems with floods, failed crops, and shortages of necessary supplies, doomed the first missions in East Texas.  Eventually, Massanet & surviving priests set fire to the remaining

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mission, San Francisco de los Tejas, and left for Coahuila La Bahia  Spanish Mission & Presidio built on the site of old Fort St. Louis

 The name La Bahía subsequently referred both to the bay and to entities associated with it. During the Aguayo expedition, which the viceroy of New Spain authorized to reestablish Spanish dominion in Texas after the French threatened Spanish hegemony, a detachment under Domingo Ramón occupied La Bahía del Espíritu Santo and in April 1721 founded a presidio upon the ruins of La Salle's Fort St. Louis, generally considered to have been on Garcitas Creek, which empties into the bay. The presidio was popularly called Presidio La Bahía. In 1722 the Marqués de Aguayo authorized Father Agustín Patrón y Guzmán to establish a mission across the creek from this presidio. It was named Nuestra Señora de la Bahía del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga Mission and popularly called Mission La Bahía. Thus the bay, as well as the presidio & the mission because 

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of their location on the bay, were all commonly called La Bahía. San Antonio  Establishment of eventually 4 missions in present-day San Antonio  Only successful Spanish establishment (would become city) in TX  Eventually became heart of Spanish presence in Texas San Francisco Xavier (mission) Felipe de Rabago y Teran Santa Cruz de San Saba (mission)  Built to Christianize the eastern Apache Indians  only Spanish mission in TX that was attacked/destroyed by Indians

Independence Movements (in Mexico & TX): Factors influencing Independence Movements in New Spain…  Creole resentment (Spanish descent, but born in New Spain): favored status for peninsulares (Spanish descent born in Spain), trade 

restrictions, desire for home rule (Ex. of American Revolution) Lower class resentment: widespread poverty, few rights for Indians and

mestizos (mixed blood- ½ Spanish) Father Miguel Hidalgo  Revolutionary leader, creole, priest

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Once he became a priest, hoped to unite the creoles, mestizos, and Indians against the peninsulares because the peninsulares formed a large

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land-holding aristocracy who dominated the political and economic life on New Spain Started the “Hidalgo Movement” Government of New Spain ordered his arrest upon hearing of his

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reformist views and the meetings he was sponsoring Upon hearing that Spanish were coming to arrest him, Hidalgo started a

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riot that began the Mexican War of Independence Eventually captured, found guilty of treason, and executed

Juan Bautista de Las Casas  Another revolutionary leader in San Antonio  Captured Governor of San Antonio  Captured by loyalists, taken to Mexico, tried for treason, & executed Jose Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara  Organized Hidalgo movement in northern Mexico  Left northern Mexico and went to US on mission to recruit support for 

movement (post-Louisiana purchase, so nearby US presence) Met with James Monroe (Secretary of State for James Madison) & gained

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their (US) support—US covertly aided Gutierrez William Shaler was a US military leader that aided Gutierrez against

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Spanish by recruiting military force Augustus Magee was introduced by Shaler to Gutierrez, who convinced

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him to resign from US military and become his General Gutierrez-Magee Expedition (AKA Republican Army of the North):

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captured La Bahia, where Spanish surrounded and laid siege, but were then able to drive Spanish back to San Antonio Jose Alvarez de Toledo was a creole Cuban naval officer that ended up turning against Spanish government and was exiled from Cuba; Shaler decided that he should replace Gutierrez as leader of revolutionary

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expedition (Gutierrez kicked out of San Antonio) Joaquin de Arredondo was Spanish military leader that attacked Republican Army of the North just outside San Antonio—resulted in Battle of the Medina (1813) where Rep. Army was defeated by Spanish (1300 rebels killed—largest battle/most killed in TX history)

Augustin de Iturbide & Vicente Gurrero

 After Jose Maria Morelos died, the rebel cause was reduced to guerrilla warfare by isolated bands of revolutionaries until 2 new leaders emerged: Vicente Guerrero in Oaxaca and the creole Guadalupe Victoria in Puebla  Viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca ordered Augustin de Iturbide against Gurrero’s men in Oaxaca  Iturbide was a creole royalist who gained respect as a military leader during fight against rebels under Hidalgo and Morelos. Iturbide was devoutly religious, conservative, a defender of property rights, and supporter of social privileges of the ruling class  Iturbide became frustrated by his lack of promotion and lack of wealth and realized that the Spanish Constitution of 1812 gave creoles a chance to rule and control Mexico, and switched his allegiance and invited Gurrero to meet with him and discuss Mexican independence  Iturbide was able to bring together all of the rebels to fight together  Iturbide would go on to become the first Emperor of Mexico upon gaining independence from Spain

Mexican Texas; American Settlement; Texas Revolution

Tuesday 7/14

Encouragement of foreign settlement into Texas:  The new Mexican government encouraged settlement into TX to develop the lightly-populated area & protect it from Indians & foreign powers  However, not many people actually moved into TX because it was still very much a frontier that was sparsely populated and lacked established settlements (i.e. life was very hard) Empresarios: immigration agents that contracted with Mexican government to recruit colonists to Texas and allocate land to the new settlers  Only empresario that contracted with the Spanish government was Moses Austin, all other contracted with the Mexican government  However, Moses Austin died during planning and contract ended up going to his son, Stephen F. Austin Expectations for the Settlers:  Must become Mexican citizens  Must practice Catholicism 

Must obey the laws of Mexico & the state of Coahuila y Tejas  Slavery outlawed in Mexico, but slaves reclassified as indentured servants working off debts, which was essentially just a loop hole that allowed the institution of slavery to continue in TX

Moses Austin:  Missourian and early founder of America’s lead industry  Went bankrupt as a result of the Panic of 1819  Became interested in colonization in Texas as a way to regain his fortune  Despite initially being rebuffed by Spanish Governor, eventually obtained contract to settle 300 Catholics in Texas on the 1000 acres of land he was given as a land grant along the vicinity of the Brazos river  However, Moses died prior to being able to start fulfilling his contract  Contract went to Moses Austin’s son, Stephen F. Austin Haden Edwards:  Empresario contract with Mexican government for land in eastern Texas surrounding the urban center of Nacogdoches

 Unique aspect of Edwards’ contract=land granted contained an 

already settled urban city Upon arrival in Texas, demanded the settlers who were already there to provide proof of ownership of land they were living on, and if anyone

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could not provide proof, he said that their land would then belong to him and he thereby had the right to kick them off that land  However, Mexican Gov. told Edwards that he couldn’t do that Edwards also proclaimed that they would hold their own elections of

leaders that could create their own laws for the region  Mexican government revoked Edwards’ contract The Fredonian Rebellion:  “Republic of Fredonia”: Edwards proclaimed the establishment of this independent state following the Mexican Gov.’s revocation of contract

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After proclaiming independence, Edwards left for Washington DC to lobby for military assistance Forces under command of Mateo Ahumada went to suppress rebellion Stephen Austin’s militia joined Ahumada’s forces to go fight against Revolutionaries fled when Ahumada’s forces reached Nacogdoches

General Manuel de Mier y Teran  Following the Fredonian Rebellion, Mexican authorities feared more 

attempts to rend other areas of Texas from Mexico Mexican government sent Manuel de Mier y Teran to investigate the

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Texas region and report back regarding this issue Reported that the province was awash with Americans, that Nacogdoches was essentially an American town, that Anglos (as a group) were not assimilating Mexican culture, that they considered Tejanos inferior, and that the American settlers were generally disregarding colonization laws

Law of April 6, 1830  Mier y Teran’s report influenced its passage  Declared all empresario contracts that were not yet fulfilled void  Banned further American (& slave) immigration into Texas except for into

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the colonies controlled by Stephen F. Austin & Green DeWitt (only empresarios that had fulfilled their contracts) Banned any further importation of slaves into Texas

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More non-Americans encouraged to emigrate to Texas However, many Americans kept coming illegally anyway

Valentin Gomez Farias:  Vice President under Santa Anna  Ordered the arrest of Stephen F. Austin after Austin began campaign for Texas provinces to elect their own state authorities without Mexican government approval Stephen F. Austin:  Son of Moses Austin, who took over his Father’s empresario contract  

following his death shortly after initially receiving the contract Allowed his colonists to elect militia officers and local government officials He thwarted efforts of Haden Edwards to drag his colonists into the

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Fredonian Rebellion & led militia to assist Mexican troops to put it down Austin was arrested by the Mexican government in Jan. 1834 under the belief that he was pushing for Texas independence, and was suspected of trying to incite insurrection. Taken to Mexico City and imprisoned. No charges were filed against him as no court would take jurisdiction. Was moved from prison to prison. He was released under bond in Dec. 1834 & required to stay in the Federal District only. Fully freed under the general

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amnesty in July 1835 & in Aug. 1835 left Mexico to return to Texas. Took temporary command of the Texan forces during the Siege of Béxar

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by Santa Anna’s army (AKA the Siege of San Antonio: Oct. to Dec. 1835) Prior to the beginning of the actual Texas Revolution conflict, Stephen Austin was a member/supporter of the “Peace Party”

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna:  Originally was a proclaimed Federalist trying to oust the Centralist  

government in Mexico city Would become a 5 time president of Mexico

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Born into the creole class Prominence while serving in Spanish army during Mexican Revolution Switched political allegiance many times throughout political career to

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whatever party was most popular/prominent at the time Learned ruthless military tactics from Arredondo and replicated these

Santa Anna’s Coup  In 1835, Santa Anna (an alleged Federalist) summarily decided that 

Mexico was not ready for democracy Led a mil...