Exam 1 Review Completed PDF

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Exam 1 material. Planes, axis, boney structures, male vs female body frame ...

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Test #1 review Chapter 15 Part 1 Skeletal system:   

has 206 bones Includes cartilage, tendons, ligaments Functions: – Support – Storage – Blood cell production – Protection – Movement

Axial skeleton:  Skull, thorax, vertebral column  80 axial bones Appendicular skeleton:  126 bones Bone classification: 1. Flat 2. Long 3. Irregular 4. Short Surface features: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Head – expanded proximal end of a bone that forms part of a joint Diaphysis or shaft – elongated body of a long bone Neck – narrow connection between head and diaphysis of a bone Process – any projection or bump Tubercle – small, rounded projection Tuberosity – small, rough projection that takes up a broad area Trochlea – smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley Condyle – smooth, rounded articular process Trochanter – large, rough projection Facet – small, flat articular surface Crest – prominent ridge Line – low ridge, more delicate than a crest Spine – pointed or narrow process Ramus – extension of a bone that makes an angle with rest of structure Canal or meatus – large passageway through a bone

• • • • •

Sinus – chamber within a bone, normally filled with air Foramen – small, rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves to pass through bone Fissure – elongated cleft or gap Sulcus – deep, narrow groove Fossa – shallow depression or recess in surface of bone

Long bone structures: • •

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Epiphysis – Expanded area at each end of the bone _________________________ – Long and tubular portion of the bone – Wall composed of thick layer of compact bone ___________________________ – Covers parts of the epiphysis that articulate with other bones – Avascular • Relies on diffusion from synovial fluid for nutrients and waste elimination

Bone cells: 1. Osteoblasts 2. Osteoclasts 3. Osteocytes

Lamellae Osteoclast

Osteocytes Canaliculi in lacunae interconnect the lacunae

Osteoblast Uncalcified organic matrix

Section of long bone

Arteriole (small artery) and venule (small vein) Central canal Lamellae Canaliculi Endosteum Periosteum Vein Artery

Trabeculae

Figure 5.4 1 –- 3 2

Bone formation (endochondral ossification): 1. Cartilage model enlarges – Chondrocytes near center of shaft enlarge – Enlarged chondrocytes die and disintegrate – Leaving cavities within cartilage 2. Blood vessels grow around edge of cartilage model – Cells of perichondrium convert to osteoblasts – Shaft of cartilage ensheathed in superficial layer of bone 3. Blood vessels penetrate cartilage into central region – Entering fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts – Begin producing spongy bone at ossification center – Bone formation spreads along shaft toward both ends 4. Growth continues along with remodeling – Marrow cavity created – Osseous tissue of shaft thickens – Cartilage near epiphyses is replaced by bone 5. Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into epiphyses – Ossification centers form in epiphyses 6. Epiphyses filled with spongy bone – Articular cartilage on surface by joint cavity – Epiphyseal cartilage separates epiphysis from diaphysis

Intramembranous ossification: •

Flat bones form by intramembranous ossification – Stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts within embryonic or fibrous connective tissue – Occurs in deeper dermal layers – Resulting bones – membrane bones – Examples:

• • Skull bones • Atypical skeletal growth: •

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Pituitary growth failure – Inadequate growth hormone production – Reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity; abnormally short bones – Rare in United States; children treated with synthetic human growth hormone Achondroplasia – Epiphyseal cartilage of long bones grows slowly – Short, stocky limbs result – Trunk normal size

Fracture and Repair: A crack or break in bone is called a fracture Repair of fracture involves four steps Fracture hematoma (large blood clot) develops within several hours Internal callus of spongy bone forms on inner edges; external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes outer edges 3. Cartilage of external callus is replaced by bone; bone fragments and dead bone are removed and replaced 4. Remodeling over time eliminates evidence of fracture

• • 1. 2.

14 Facial Bones o Nasal bones: support superior portion of bridge of nose o Zygomatic bone: form part of cheekbone and part of lateral wall of orbit o Mandible: forms lower jaw  Total of 22 skull bones -14 facial and 8 cranial  Cranial Bones o Frontal bone: forms anterior portion of cranium and roof of orbits; contains frontal sinuses o Sphenoid: forms part of floor of cranium; cross-brace strengthens sides of skull o Ethmoid: forms anteromedial floor of cranium, roof of nasal cavity, part of nasal septum and medial orbital wall o Parietal bones- form part of superior and lateral surfaces of cranium o Occipital bone- contributes to posterior, lateral, and inferior cranial surface  Sutures o Connections between skull bones of adults; held together by dense fibrous connective tissue – immovable joints called Sutures  Coronal suture – attaches frontal bone to parietal bones  Sagittal suture – attaches parietal bones to each other  Squamous suture – attaches temporal bones to parietal bones  Lambdoid suture – attaches occipital bone to parietal bones  Surface Features o Foramina  Foramen ovale – passage for nerves innervating jaws  Carotid canal– passage for internal carotid artery  Jugular foramen – passage for internal jugular vein  Foramen magnum – surrounds connection between brain and spinal cord Paranasal Sinuses • Air-filled chambers connected to nasal cavities • Lighten skull bones • Provide extensive area of mucous epithelium • Frontal sinuses – variable in size and time of appearance • Ethmoidal air cells – network of small chambers; mucus from here flushes surfaces of nasal cavities • Sphenoid sinus • Maxillary sinuses – largest sinuses; mucus from here flushes inferior surface of nasal cavities Associated Bones of the Skull • Hyoid bone – Greater horns – help support larynx; attached to muscles that move tongue • Anchors the tongue – Lesser horns – attached to ligaments that suspend hyoid and larynx – Body of hyoid – attachment site for muscles of larynx, tongue, pharynx The sacrum 

__Base__ – broad superior surface __Ala__ or wing – extends to each side from base • Really small portion on the outer edges • __Apex__ – narrow, inferior portion Transverse lines – former boundaries of individual vertebrae • •

Ribs and Sternum • Ribs • True(1–7) – connected to sternum by individual costal cartilages • False (8–10) – connected to sternum by shared costal cartilages • Floating (11–12) – no connection to sternum • Sternum • Manubrium – trapezoid-shaped; articulates with clavicle and first pair of ribs • Body – articulates with rib pairs 2–7 • Xiphoid process – attached to inferior portion of body Scapula Structures- Lateral View • Glenoid cavity • Articulates with humerus • Acromion • Large process that extends laterally • Projects posterior and superior to glenoid cavity • Continuous with scapular spine • Coracoid Process • Projects anterior and superior to glenoid cavity Humerus Distal End • Capitulum • Forms lateral surface of condyle • Articulation point for radius

Carpus (wrist) 8 carpal bones arranged in two rows Five metacarpal bones-articulate with distal carpal bones Phalanges-articulate with metacarpals; 14 on each hand (3 for each finger; 2 for thumb “pollex”) Femur • Longest and heaviest bone in body • Articulates with hip bone and tibia • Major landmarks • Femoral head – articulates with pelvis at acetabulum • Neck – joins head to shaft at about 125°angle • Greater trochanter (larger, lateral) and lesser trochanter (smaller, medial) • Gluteal tuberosity – attachment site for gluteus maximus muscle • Linea aspera – attachment site of hip muscles

• Arches of the Foot Function of the arches is to transfer weight so that the muscles, nerves, and blood vessels are not compressed together between the bone and the ground. Knee Joint and Dislocation In ACL they will either tear some of the accessory structures but in some cases they tear everything; pictures followed in slide!...