Exam 2 Content - These are my notes for the second exam. My professor is Professor Damon Bach. PDF

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These are my notes for the second exam. My professor is Professor Damon Bach....

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The Spirit of Progressivism A. Six Characteristics of Progressivism a. Acted out of concern about the effects of industrialization and the condition of industrial life i. Wanted to humanize and regulate big business without harming it b. Belief in progress and peoples’ ability to recognize and solve problems c. Believed they had the right to intervene in peoples’ lives; the element of coercion d. Turned to government at all levels to effect reforms e. Evangelical Protestantism and natural and social sciences inform it i. Felt as if it was their duty to reform society, especially from drunks and prostitutes f. Very popular and pervasive; bass base; drew support from across society i. National reach and mass base ii. Unlike populism (north and west), progressivism was across the entire nation iii. Middle class, prosperous farmers, skilled laborers, the business community (virtually all people welcome)

B. Woman Suffrage Movement a. b. c. d.

Women’s Christian Temperance Union Anti-Saloon Lead 1920 - 18th amendment (no alcohol) Mann Act i. Prohibited interstate transportation of women for immoral purposes e. Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt (1900), Anna Howard Shaw (1904), and the National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA → formed under Susan B. Anthony) i. The 1900s ii. “First-wave feminism” f. Alice Paul, Lucy Burns, and the Congressional Union i. More militant than the NAWSA ii. Interrupted public meetings, etc… g. Argument changed from the natural right (19th century) to more pragmatic in the 20th century (females are more morally superior to men and will clean up a government → more sensitive to moral dilemmas) h. 19th Amendment i. 1918 → Female right to vote

C. Reforms at State Level a. Referendum (allowed people to accept/reject laws), initiative (allowed voters to

propose ideas or laws), and recall (enables voters to remove an elected official in the middle of the term) b. 17th Amendment (1913) → provided for the direct election of senators (not state legislatures)

The Progressive Presidents A. Theodore Roosevelt (PR) a. An assassination attempt in 1912 in Milwaukee b. Broke up Northern Securities with Sherman Anti-trust Act i. Quincy Railroads ii. Roosevelt goes after these securities c. Anthracite Coal Miners Strike i. United Mine Workers demanded a wage increase and an 8-hr workday ii. Railroads refused iii. 140,000 miners walked off the job and left railroads iv. Roosevelt appointed an independent commission to intercede between workers and companies and caused the miners to return to work 1. The commission he awarded them increased wages by 10% and cut hours d. The Square Deal i. Meat Inspection Act (1906) 1. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair a. Described the terrible conditions in the packing industry and what went into the meat b. Polluted meats packaged and sold without consumers knowledge c. Caused meat sales to plummet in the USA and Europe 2. Regulation of meatpacking and sanitation, government inspection of packaged products ii. Pure Food and Drug Act 1. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair (same as the meat inspection act) 2. Required manufacturers to include products on food/labels labels 3. Banned manufacture and sale of adulterated, mispackaged, and mislabeled products iii. Conservation 1. Set aside millions of acres for national parks and forests 2. 45 to 100 million acres

B. William Howard Taft (R) a. Busted more trusts and conserved more land than Teddy Roosevelt

b. Election of 1912 i. Taft (R) vs. Roosevelt (progressive) vs. Wilson (D) ii. Teddy Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism” (88 electoral votes) 1. A strong federal government that acts as a steward for pubic 2. Graduated income tax, workers compensation, and regulation 3. Regulation of corporations iii. Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom” (435 electoral votes) 1. Small government 2. States rights

C. Woodrow Wilson (D) a. Democratic nominee b. Graduated income tax i. Under 16th amendment c. Federal reserve act (1918) i. Correct the problems of decentralized banking ii. Created 12 federal reserve banks iii. Introduced a flexible paper money system d. Clayton Antitrust act i. Prosecuted unfair trading practices ii. Gave government the right to investigate corporate procedure e. Segregated Washington, D.C. f. Endorsed women’s suffrage and 8-hour workdays

Towards the Great War A. Foreign Policy of William Howard Taft a. William Howard Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy” i. Dollar Diplomacy = investment in lower-income promoting American financial influence abroad b. Origins of WWI i. June 28, 1914, → Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian Nationalist (in Bosnia → Austria-Hungary) 1. Germany declared war on Russia soon thereafter c. Central Powers vs. Allied Powers i. Germany, Turkey, Austria-Hungary (Central Powers) ii. Britain, France, Russia (Allied Powers) d. Neutrality Policy i. Americans accepted neutrality e. Anti-War Organizations i. Progressives believed that war was against progressive ideals and thus

should be avoided → believed the war would end progressive reforms

B. Remaining Neutral During WWI a. The sinking of the Lusitania and Arabic i. May 7, 1915, → German forces sank the ship killing over 1200 people (including Americans) 1. Wilson demanded an apology, b. Sussex Pledge i. March 24, 1916 → Sussex ship was sunk (submarine warfare) and Americans were injured ii. Germans promised to shoot only enemy warships, not neutral cargo (Sussex Pledge) c. “Peace Without Victory” i. January 22, 1917, → Wilson called for peace without a victory (nobody “wins) ii. Advocated the League of Nations to keep the peace d. February 1st, 1917 → Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare (would sink all submarines onsite) e. Zimmerman Telegram i. February 25, 1917 → Telegram intercepted from Germany that proposed an alliance with Mexico ii. Causes Wilson to ask for a declaration of war, bringing the US into war against the Central Powers f. Causes of War i. Last resort ii. Protect rights at sea iii. Economic trade iv. Make the world safe for democracy

C. Election of 1916 D. The Final Months of Peace

The Road to War A. American Isolationism a. From isolationism to internationalism b. U.S. emerged from WWII the most powerful nation in the world c. Factors behind America’s isolationism i. The Great Depression ii. Discontent and fear towards war → wanted to stay out

d. December 1941 → U.S. joined the war

B. Isolationism a. b. c. d.

Isolationist and pacific sentiment Nye Committee and “Merchants of Death” Neutrality Act of 1935 Neutrality Act of 1937: “Cash and Carry” i. Belligerents can buy non-war munition and carry it back to their respective place e. Germany rampages over Europe i. September 1, 1949, → Germany invades Poland and takes over in three ii.

weeks (start of the war technically) Non-aggression act with Russia allowed them to not have to worry

C. Turmoil in Europe and Asia D. Neutrality Acts and the Road to War a. Neutrality Act of 1939 i. Allowed munition to be transported to Britain and France but through own transportation b. Destroyers for Bases c. Lend-Lease i. Unlimited authority to direct material aid in aid to Europe without violating the neutrality agreement d. FDRsided with interventionists, but was aware that the country does not want to get involved with the war E. Pearl Harbor a. America declares war on Japan; Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.

World War I A. The U.S. at War in Europe a. Mobilizing for war b. Trench warfare c. America joins the fighting i. June 1917: first troops in France d. November 11, 1918: armistice signed by Germany; war over e. The American contribution

B. The War at Home a. Industrial and Emotional Mobilization i. Sedition Act (1918) 1. Harsh penalties on anyone using disloyal, profane, or abusive language towards the flag, government, and army

C. Wilson’s 14 Points and the Campaign for the League of Nations a. b. c. d.

Absolute freedom of seas Reduced arms Free trade Establishment of a League of Nations (within the Treaty of Paris) i. A senate ii. 9-member council of the major powers iii. The core of international justice iv. To keep the peace in all diplomatic and international business

D. Legacy of WWI a. Disillusionment b. The end of progressivism i. Wanted a return to normalcy, not reform

The Transition to Modern America and the “Roaring ‘20s” A. The 1920s: An Overview a. The emergence of distinctively modern America i. Liberalism and escape b. The era of transition and change c. The clash between old and new ways as well as rural and urban values

B. Second Industrial Revolution a. b. c. d.

Industrial output doubled and GNP soared 40% (mostly consumer industry) Per capita income increased 30% CREDIT (“pay as you go”) sparked consumer mentality to grow Rapid growth increased until the market crash of 1929

C. Social and Cultural Changes; Popular Culture a. City as the focal point of American life (more than half the population lived in the city in 1920) i. The “New Woman” 1. Gains in the workforce (30% of women) a. Clerical and secretarial work for white women b. Domestic services (maids, laundry services, agriculture) for black women 2. Family size was declining and divorce rates were increasing 3. Rampant sexuality change 4. Earned their own money and could do what they chose to do rather than depend on their husbands 5. Increase in a feminist culture a. Began using contraceptive methods to reduce pregnancy

b. Sexual adventure magazines and exploration become normalized (casual sex and alcohol became a normal trend in the decade) 6. The rise in the flapper culture 7. Jazz craze and dancing associated with it b. Prohibition and organized crime i. Bootleggers: transported and produced alcohol ii. Speakeasies: underground bars iii. Bathtub Gin: homemade liquor iv. Middle and Upperclass citizens broke the law to get alcohol v. Streets became more violent (competing bootlegger shootouts) vi. Al Capone - gangster and businessman in Chicago c. Harlem Renaissance i. An outpouring of African-American literature, theatre, visual arts, music (jazz) d. Music and Film i. Sex became a popular topic ii. Less romantic and more sexually explicit music and film

The Conservative ‘20s A. The Conservative ‘20s: An Overview a. City and liberal values as the embodiment of evil contemporary life i. Whore houses, prostitution, sex b. Maintenance of Anglo-Saxon Protestant America c. Nationalism and Anti-radicalism i. The Red Scare (the 1990s) 1. People worried about Marxism and Communism 2. 70,000 communists in America a. Labor unrest amplified the communist 3. 34 bombs in the mail were intercepted ii. Palmer Raids 1. June 2, 1990 → Attorney General Palmer had his home bombed by communists a. This caused him to put together a task force to enforce raids, enforce deportation, and arrests d. Prohibition and anti-foreigner e. Ku Klux Klan i. The revival of the Klan (founded in Georgia in 1915 by William J. Simmons) 1. After 1920, the Klan began to grow exponentially

2. Anglo-Saxon Protestant white men ii. Hatred of blacks, aliens (anti-immigrant), Jews, and Catholics iii. Claimed to be champions of the constitution iv. Membership declined rapidly after 1925 and dissipated f. National Origins Quota Act (1924) i. Made quotas stricter and permanent ii. Limits designed to keep undesirable ethnic groups out and maintain 1. Asian immigrants banned iii. America’s character as a nation of northern and western European stock iv. 150,000 people per year limit g. Scopes Monkey Trial i. Teaching evolution in schools (some states began outlawing it) ii. Traditionalism vs. liberalism iii. John Scopes, a teacher, broke the law and was tried in Tennessee for teaching evolution in school h. Republican Policies (the 1920s) i. Return to normalcy ii. Neither reactionary nor entirely progressive iii. Fordney-McCumber Tariff 1. Raised basic rates iv. Government Spending Cut v. Income Tax Cut 1. Number of taxpayers cut

The Great Depression, FDR, and the New Deal A. Causes of the Great Depression a. Americans looked to government as never before, and in doing so, transformed American political and public life b. Causes of the Great Depression: i. Industry and agriculture overproduction; more goods were produced than could be consumed ii. Speculation; “buying on the margin” 1. All stocks surged because of the belief that they would “win big” 2. Bet life savings iii. Stock market crash 1. October 24, 1929 → stock market crashed and caused major fear iv. Banks curtail lending v. Production dropped off vi. People lacked money for purchasing

B. Effects of the GD a. Unemployment: 25.2% in 1932

b. Nearly 50% of unemployment in Chicago and Detroit c. N Herbert Hoover

C. Bonus Army a. Herbert Hoover and the Depression b. A group of 10,000-25,000 WWI veterans who marched in demand for the immediate bonus payment for wartime services to alleviate the economic hardship of the great depression

D. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) a. His programs still provide the framework for our domestic lives i. The New Deal ii. 40-hr work week and minimum wage b. Laid foundations for regulatory and welfare state i. FDIC c. Committed to the survival of capitalism d. Restored the peoples’ confidence, hopes, and dreams e. FDR beat Hoover in the Election of 1932

E. Legislation Passed during the 100 Days a. The Emergency Banking Act i. 4-day bank holiday (intentionally closed to stop people from crashing the banks) b. Fireside Chats i. To reassure citizens that their money is safe in the banks c. Economy Act i. To balance the budget by cutting spending 1. Affected veterans and government workers d. End of Prohibition i. On beer ii. Bring in tax revenue e. Liberalism as Distinct from Progressivism i. Not driven by evangelical means ii. Not interested in prohibition or combatting prostitution f. Civilian Conservative Corps (CCC) i. 250,000 men to work in state and national parks to “beautify” the nation (flood control and building bridges) g. Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) h. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) i. Generates and distributes power and electricity in rural areas, stopped soil erosion, and provided social and educational services i. Public Works Administration (PWA) i. Put people to work building structures

j. Glass-Steagall Banking Act i. Separated commercial and investment banking ii. Provided federal insurance deposits k. Farm Credit Administration i. Provided credit for farmers ii. Made farmers lifelong democrats (many) l. National Recovery Administration (NRA) i. An attempt at planning and cooperation with the government, cooperation, and labor ii. Working conditions, hours, child labor iii. Supreme Court deemed unconstitutional in 1395 m. Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA) i. Formed to correct the farmer dilemma of overproduction ii. The government set the reduction limits for crops iii. Farmer’s paid subsidies to take land out of production iv. 1933 → farmers paid to slaughter 200,000 sows and 6 million piglets, as v. vi.

well as plow over 10 million acres of cotton (to increase prices) Famer increased for the first time since WWI Shut down in 1942

FDR’s Challengers and the End of the New Deal A. FDR’s Challenges a. Broker State: term for the federal government after the New Deal that describes how the federal government mediates between various interest groups competing for advantages in the national economy b. Upton Sinclair: “End Poverty in California” c. Father Charles Coughlin d. Huey P. Long: “Share the Wealth” i. Focus on making rich people normal and poor people normal e. Francis Townsend i. Focus on the elderly ii. Townsend club

B. More New Deal Programs a. Works Progress Administration (WPA) i. Schools, hospitals, airfields b. Federal Writer’s Project c. Federal Music Program (FMP) d. Civil Works Administration (CWA) e. Social Security Act of 1935

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

Dividing age-old pensions equally divided by a payroll tax on workers and employers Set up a system of unemployment through a payroll tax on employers Direct federal grants to the state for welfare payments Farmers and domestic servants were excluded from the program All participants paid at the same rate regardless of wealth Only applied to who would lose jobs in the future, not the unemployed

C. The New Deal and Minorities a. African Americans i. Cotton crop prices dropped significantly ii. Last tired, first fired iii. AAA, Social Security, and Minimum Wage all did not help with the blacks and average wage and ability to sustain life b. Blacks shift their allegiance to the Democratic Property i. From Lincoln and emancipation to the democratic party and sharing the wealth ii. The new deal contributed to 40% of the blacks during the depression c. Mexican Americans d. Native Americans i. Indian Reorganization Act: reversed Daws Severance Act 1. Tribal unity rather than separation

D. Election of 1936 a. Roosevelt won b. Put together a coalition that holds for nearly 40 years, made up by urban masses, white ethnic working-class, Jews, Catholics, blacks, farmers, blue-collar laborers in the South, and middle-class homeowners c. Court-Packing Plan i. Adding more supreme court judiciaries to make his programs and deals go through

E. Roosevelt Coalition F. The New Deal’s End a. Fair Labor Standards Act i. 40 cent minimum wage and 40-hr work week b. Congressional Democrats start to thwart FDR’s new programs c. FDR tries to purge Southern conservatives from the party d. Sharp recession (1937) i. Republican upsurge e. Conservative Coalition and “Conservative Manifesto” i. Josiah Bailey ii. Denounced labor strikes

iii. iv. v. vi.

Low federal tax and a balanced budget Defended state rights Defended rights of private companies against government eyes Warned of creating a dependent market class

G. Legacy of the New Deal a. Failed to end the Great Depression, but unemployment reduced from 25.2% to 9.3% b. Added to the power and prestige of the presidency c. The federal government directly concerned with the welfare of the people for the first time d. Established minimum standard of subsistence e. A “half-way revolution” f. The national democratic party becomes the liberal party

World War II A. The state of affairs as America entered WWII B. The Grand Alliance; U.S., Britain, and the Soviet Union a. Willingness to form a general coalition and coordination (opposite of what Germany and Japan did)

C. European Theatre, 1942-1943 a. Mediterranean strategy i. Fighting around the perimeter to weaken the opposition b. Africa i. Operation Torch - 90,000 troops under Eisenhower’s command landed in Morroco c. Stalingrad i. 1943 → Germany driven from Africa d. Italy e. Soviets push Germans out of Russia

D. Pacific Theatre, 1942-1943 a. Amphibious island-hopping campaign b. Midway c. Guadalcanal

E. The War at Home a. Mobilization for war ends the Great Depression b. American industry i. Women entered the workforce ii. Rosie the Riveter

c. Vast migration of the American population i. Rural people moved to urban areas d. African-American s e. Fair Employment Practices Committee (FRPC) and integration of defense industry f. Great Migration of blacks in the North g. Mexican-Americans h. Native Americans i. Japanese Internment j. Rationing k. Tax increases

F. The End of the War, 1944-1945 a. D-Day: June 6, 1944 i. Normandy, France b. Battle of the Bulge c. Nazi Holocaust d. May 7, 1945: Germany Surrenders e. Manhattan Project i. Creating the atom bomb f. Atom bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki g. August 14, 1945: Japan surrenders h. 60 million deaths worldwide

G. Legacies

The Origins of the Cold War A. Major Factors that led to the Cold war a. Truman cut off Lend-Lease for Russians and denied them a $1 billion post-war loan b. Stal...