EXAM 2 Study Guide PDF

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Study Guide for Exam 2. All artwork details and notes included (Based on textbook and lecture)....

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Terms h ttps://quizlet.com/322932179/art-history-terms-exam-2-tcu-peinado-flash-cards/ Chapter 6: Medieval and Romanesque Europe Gold glass and enamel cloisonne with garnets and emeralds Believed you would take coins and material objects to afterlife Where was this piece found? From the Sutton Hoo Ship Burial

Purse Cover Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, Suffolk, England Anglo-Saxon (meaning anglo land)

Who may have been the person who owned it? Warrior lord Scyld What is the technique of the ornamentation? Cloisonne - metal stip soldered to a metal base, filling spaces with colored glass Millefiori - checkerboard pattern made by fusing of different colors of glass together Snake motifs To what work of literature is it similar? How?

KPI = Chi-Rho-iota monogram - Stands for Christ Carpet page: Decorative page placed before the text What is the historical context of this style? Initial page to the Gospel of Matthew. Monks began producing it in the Isle of Iona when vikings attacked Iona. Monks took it to Kells to keep it safe. Now in Trinity college in Dublin. Where were manuscripts such as this one produced? Isle of Iona

Book of Kells Hiberno-Saxon

How was the manuscript used in worship? They are put on the altar and used for worship. Opened on certain pages for certain holy days of the year What words appear in Latin at the bottom right of the page? This is how the birth of Christ came about In the 12th century, a priest described it as the work of an angel

Comparison to Dome of the Rock: The use of lines and calligraphy, reverence for words and letters, through the knowledge of words one achieves the knowledge of the divine. Difference: the Book of Kells u tilizes iconism. Charlemagne, who commissioned the manuscript, was originally King of the Franks before he was crowned by Pope Leo III as emperor  of Rome. What was his official seal? Renovatio imperii Romani (renewal of the Roman Empire) What is the name of the scholar he commissioned to rewrite the Bible? San Alcuin What texts from the Bible does this manuscript illustrate? Coronation Gospels Saint Matthew from the Coronation Gospels Carolingian

How does this image carry on the classical style? He wanted to revive rome. He used foreshortening, there is a sense of a body, three dimensionality, Roman furniture, wearing a toga, landscape (sense of light and shade), acanthus leaves in the frame

Why do art historians call this style “Romanesque? Because there are certain aspects to it that are Roman, especially in architecture. Describe the importance of the pilgrimage to this time period. People would take pilgrimages as a penance for their sins, to be healed spiritually, as gratitude, for spiritual companionship, and to be judged more favorably on judgement day. What was the most venerated shrine in Europe at this time?

How did pilgrimages change the design of churches? As pilgrimages became more popular, more churches had to be made to house for pilgrims St. Sernin. Toulouse, France Romanesque

What is the definition of compound piers as seen here? Engaged columns clustered together

What is the order of monks of this monastery? Cluniac order (interested in building big, elaborate churches) What is one of the founding principles of monasticism?

Identify the most important architectural features of the building. Tympani, Lintel system (post=trumeau and side posts=jambs), Colonnade with historiated capitals. What is “Romanesque” about this church? Its extensive use of stone sculpture and stone vaulting Second Coming of Christ: Judgement Day Tympanum. St. Pierre, Moissac, France Romanesque

What is the significance of the interlaced lions on the trumeau of the building? They were the church’s ideal protectors Why does it depict lions? Protective creatures What message is conveyed by the figure of Jeremiah or Isaiah on the side of the trumeau? He is shown in a mystical state like he is shown in a trance, showing a very powerful image of contemplation. What does the tympanum depict? What message is conveyed ? Depicts the Second Coming of Christ describing the Book of Revelations when Christ goes back to judge. He is surrounded by the evangelists (Matthew=man, Mark=lion, John=eagle, Luke=ox). 24 elders surrounding Christ holding gold bowls, making music, and focused on Christ - symbolizing the clouds of heaven as he is coming back for the Last Judgment Why was Gislebertus allowed to sign his name here? The Bishop let him because he successfully followed his request What message did the clergy who commissioned this sculpture want the artist to convey in this tympanum? They wanted to shock and strike terror upon the people who saw this, so that they would redirect themselves in the path to salvation.

Last Judgment Tympanum Gislebertus

Describe the iconography.

Cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun, France. Romanesque

Shows a dramatic version of the Last Judgment. Dispassionate, abstract Christ. He is surrounded by a bodily halo. On his right are those who ascending to heaven, to his left are those who are going to hell or purgatory. The people at the bottom are awaiting judgement, and some are depicted with pilgrimage shell and crosses.

What is the historical significance of the author of this manuscript? Manuscript called Scivias (“know the ways of God) taken to Dresden due to WWII to protect it but was still eventually destroyed. In the 1920s a nun had made a complete copy of Scivias, so today we know exactly what it would look like. What is her background? She was was from a prominent family in Germany and started having visions from a young age. She became a nun and was acknowledged for her wisdom by the people. She wrote theology, composed music, and more. What is the subject depicted here? It is her having a vision and getting in touch with God. From Scivias: Vision of Hildegard of Bingen. Hildegard of Bingen. Romanesque What is the subject? It depicts the battle of Hastings. Who commissioned this piece? William of Normandy’s half-brother: Bishop Odo How is it unique? Bayeux Tapestry: Funeral Procession to Westminster Abbey. Romanesque

Bayeux Tapestry: Battle of Hastings. Romanesque

To what classical monument is it often compared? Frieze in the column of Trajan because story is depicted by the victors, showing the humiliation of the enemy during battle

CHAPTER 7: Gothic and Late Medieval Europe, Part1 This is the birthplace of what? Gothic church architecture Who is buried here? French Kings How were Gothic cathedrals regarded by the people of that era? Who began the remodeling project of this cathedral? Why? Abbot Suger What are the primary architectural features? Strongly ribbed vaulting, pointed arches, stained glass What innovative use of space do they allow? By using ribbed vaulting and pointed arches you could have more equal distribution of weight, instead of using walls. They were also opened up and filled with stained glass. Who designed this portion of the church? What does he call the light created by the use of stained glass? Lux nova Abbey Church St. Denis, France Early Gothic Beau-dieu = Blessed God Mandorla: oval figure around Jesus or Virgin Mary in medieval art To whom is this church dedicated? Virgin Mary What precious relic was housed here? Her mantel What role does Mary play during this period? intercessor Royal Portal: 3 tympana: The Ascension, The Second Coming, Virgin and Child. Chartres Cathedral, France

What subjects are depicted in the three tympana?

Early Gothic.

The majesty of Christ. The Ascension, The Second Coming, and Virgin and Child. What is important about the jamb statues of the Kings and Queens? They are showing that they are literally and figuratively holding the church up. Benevolent look about them, elongated bodies, naturalistic in face but not body

Royal Portal: The Second Coming Tympanum (detail: Beau-Dieu) Chartres Cathedral, France Early Gothic. Tripartite elevation How long did it take to rebuild Chartres after the fire of 1194?

What are the key architectural features here? More elaborated buttressing, more vertical, larger windows

Chartres Cathedral: Rebuilt Interior Looking East. France High Gothic Rose window-circular window with radiating forms that resemble a rose, dedicated to Virgin Mary, commissioned by Queen Blanche What is the purpose of the Chartres windows? Sense of insubstantiality because of dense colored windows. Transported to a spiritual realm, windows suspended in the air Who gifted these windows to the church? Queen Blanche

Chartres Cathedral: Rose Window and

Discuss the iconography of these windows. Virgin and Child in the middle, surrounded by David and Salomon at the top and other Old Testament prophets around.

Lancets. France High Gothic

Lancets: Saint Anne, Old Testament prophets

What are the key architectural features of this High Gothic cathedral? Extreme verticality, lightness and buoyancy about it, lets a lot of light in, lots of windows in the apse,

Amiens Cathedral France. High Gothic. What is the difference between these jamb sculptures and those of Chartres? Rather than having sculptures in the tympani, it has glass. What is the subject here? Archangel Gabriel with Virgin Mary, and then Elizabeth and How many artists are believed to have sculpted these pieces? three

Reims Cathedral French Architects. France. High Gothic

What classical characteristics are present in the Visitation group? They are shown in a naturalistic way, there is a sense of body under their clothes, they are wearing togas, they are in contrapposto What is important about this church historically? It has bee nthe site of all French kings coornations What is different about these three tympana in comparison to other churches at the time?

Annunciation and Visitation jamb statues. Reims Cathedral, France. High Gothic What kind of Bible is this? How was that kind of Bible arranged? Moralized Bible: a Bible where you would have on each page a passage of the Old and the New Testament and how they relate. Where was it produced? Produced in Paris, part of a workshop How did the artists work on this kind of Bible? What is the view of God and creation here? Like a builder or an architect, using geometric tools and intellect to create the world. Represents the importance of learning during this period

God as Creator of the World From a moralized Bible Paris. High Gothic.

CHAPTER 7: Gothic and Late Medieval Europe: “Proto-Renaissance”

Naturalistic, based on visual reality, sense of dimensionality. What did Vasari and other critics say about this artist? According to your book, what is he often called? “the father of western pictorial art” Who is believed to be his teacher? Cimabue How does this work compare to his? Giotto has more solidity than Cimabue, more naturalistic also great sense of gravity with Giotto’s Madonna. Body that asserts itself in space, everything is firmly rooted on the ground. She is shown in hierarchy of scale. Baby looks more naturalistic. She is extremely approachable.

Madonna Enthroned. Giotto. Proto-Renaissance Who built the chapel where this work is located? Why did he build it? This is one of ____ panels. What is the technique? What is the Lamentation? Lamentation. Giotto. Scrovegni Chapel, Padua, Italy Proto-Renaissance

Who are the main figures here? Christ, The Virgin, Mary Magdalene, John the Evangelist Where is the focal point? Christ Describe the overall composition of the work. How does Giotto achieve spatial depth here? He spaces out the space around Christ to emphasize what is going on. Then he has a diagonal line which speeds drown from the top of the rock to Christ’s head. The mourners are compressed to the left and give the impression that they extend outside of the canvas. Two figures that weight the canvas down at the left side and anchors everything down right by him.

What is the term that describes that?

For whom did this artist work? What style was he instrumental in creating? International Style What are its primary characteristics? A lot less emphasis on body structure, free flow in body and pattern. How does Martini express that style here? There is flow in Gabriel’s cape and the Virgin’s clothing. Annunciation altarpiece. Simone Martini. Proto-Renaissance

Describe the iconography of the middle portion of the painting. The Angel Gabriel announces to the Virgin Mary that she will be the mother of Christ. He is holding an olive branch. The lilies are symbols of the Virgin’s purity. The Virgin is depicted in a perplexed way, shrinking away from way. The Holy Spirit coming towards her is in the middle at the top. Latin words are depicted coming out of his mouth and towards her face

Mesoamerica What do art historians believe is the subject of this piece and others like it?

What would have been their function?   What is unique about the physical features here and in others like this piece? What did that signify?

Colossal Head La Venta, Mexico. Olmec Culture.

How does the population of this city compare to others in 600 CE? What is mysterious about this culture historically in relation to rulership?  There is no clear evidence of a ruler Who would go up the steps of the pyramids?  Only the elite climbed to the top. Sacrificial victims in each corner What direction does the Pyramid of the Sun Face? Pyramid of Sun ( top left) Pyramid of the Moon ( foreground) Teotihuacan: Mexico Teotihuacan Culture.

How is that different from the pyramids in Egypt?

Teotihuacan: Mexico: Pyramid of the Sun. Teotihuacan Culture Where were murals such as this one located?  In people’s apartment complex homes, not temples. This meant that religion was everybody’s responsibility.

Goddess Wall Painting Tetitla Apartment, Teotihucan, Mexico. Teotihuacan Culture

What is the iconography here? What is the underlying message? Goddess is wearing jade earrings (precious stone), doesn’t have a lower body, green face Headdress: owl figure, indirect references to sacrifice (intestines), feathers, indirect reference to war

Who commissioned this lintel?

What is the subject?

What message does it appear to convey?

What is unusual about their facial features?

How are the figures arranged and what is the message here? Who appears to be the most important figure? Lintel 24 Yaxchilan, Mexico Mayan

Chapter 8: The Early Renaissance in Northern Europe Who commissioned this and what was its function? Peter Inghelbrecht and his wife Margaret Scrynmakers. They commissioned it to be a private piece of devotion to have in their home. What is the name for this three panel form? triptych

Merode Altarpiece Robert Campin (Master of Flemalle) Early Renaissance

What are the advantages of oil based paint? Oil is a medium that dries more slowly so you can build up your colors. They painted a white background wand then painted over it to get a glowing quality. Subtle and rich colors. More clarity in detail. What is its most striking feature? Describe the iconography.

Who is the primary patron of this artist? What is the name for the form of this work and what was its function? Polyptych = multi panels Who commissioned this work? Jodocus Vyd to go in the Church of Saint John the Baptist in Ghent Describe the iconography of the open altarpiece. Closed: Jodocus Vyd and his wife (lower exteriors) praying towards Saint John the Evangelist and Saint John the Baptist (lower middle). Middle part shows the Annunciation and the top exterior shows Old Testament Prophets.

Open

Opened: Realm of the earthly Jerusalem after the Second Coming on the bottom. The redemption of all mankind. The bottom exteriors show the Last Judges and Knights to the left and Holy hermits and Pilgrims to the right.The top is a daesis, which is an image of Christ and the image of Mary and John the Baptist beside him. The exteriors show Adam and Eve.

Closed Ghent Altarpiece. Jan van Eyck. Early Renaissance Why were portraits like this one commissioned? To commemorate himself and his wife. What is the profession of the man here? He is an italian from Lucca hired from the Medicis to do deals for the flanders What is happening here? They are taking their wedding vows within the context of their own home.

Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride. Jan van Eyck.

Describe the iconography. The symbolism shows that they are standing on sacred ground because he took of his shoes. The dog symbolizes fidelity. The fruit symbolize fertility. The red symbolizes passion. There are two symbols showing that God is

Early Renaissance

present: the candle that is lit in the background and the mirror because around it are the stations of the cross. For what is this artist known? Known for his active figures with more dramatic emotions Who commissioned the work? What in the painting is related to that? The archer’s guild (crossbow), and also the body of Christ echoes a bow

Deposition. Rogier van der Weyden. Early Renaissance

How does the artist achieve compositional unity? Tight spatial system, no means of escape, kind of suffocating. Everything is brought to the foreground. Figures are not solid, the line is very active from one figure to the next. Describe the iconography Christ is being brought down from the cross. The Virgin is shown fainting and is the same pale color as Christ. It is believed that she suffered the same pain as Christ. Mary Magdalene is riving in agony.

Chapter 8: Early Renaissance in Italy How are humanist ideas reflected in Italian art at this time? Who were the best-known Renaissance art patrons in Florence? What is the Italian name for this century? Who sponsored the competition for which these panels were produced? Where would the winner of the competition’s sculpture be displayed? They would do the east doors and baptistry of the Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo) Sacrifice of Isaac. Filippo Brunelleschi. Early Renaissance

Describe the different approaches of the artists in the two panels. What about Ghiberti’s background helped him win the competition?

Sacrifice of Isaac. Lorenzo Ghiberti. Early Renaissance Who is the patron of this piece and how did the family build a fortune? Medici Family commissioned this to go in the courtyard of their palace in Florence. Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries What were some of the cultural contributions of the family? Where was this sculpture displayed? What is most noteworthy about it? First free-standing nude since antiquity What period of classical sculpture does this piece emulate? Late Classical David. Donatello. Early Renaissance

What are some of the sculpture’s outstanding features? Feather going up through thigh, Late Classical features (S curve, increased sexuality, dreamy, contemplative - similar to Hermes and the Infant Dionysus)

Who commissioned this piece? Venetian government Who is this man? Erasmo de Narni (Venetian general from simple origins who worked himself up and became a very prominent military figure) What classical qualities are present here? What are the outstanding features of the figure? Based on Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius. In contrast to it, Erasmo de Narni is proportional in size to the horse. Dominates the horse by the force of his personality, he does not have to be bigger to show that he is in control. Horseshoe over globe of the world.

Gattamelata (Equestrian Statue of Erasmo de Narni). Donatello. Early Renaissance Masaccio -His use of light is that the light falls across the ...