Exam 2016, questions PDF

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PSYC104 Practice Exam Try to complete this exam under the same conditions and time constrains that will experience in the actual exam condition.

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

1. The school of thought __________ explains psychological processes in terms of the role or function they serve whereas __________ focuses on uncovering the basic elements of consciousness a. b. c. d. e.

Functionalism; Introspection Functionalism; Structuralism Observation; Structuralism Observation; Introspection Free will; determinism

2. Behaviourists argued that: a. Behaviour must be considered in the context of motives and goals b. Behaviour can be understood entirely without reference to thoughts and feelings c. The science of psychology must emphasise the role of psychological processes in helping individuals adapt to their environment d. Researchers should apply direct observational methods when studying the structure of consciousness e. People have unconscious tensions which influence their behaviour 3. Empiricism is a. b. c. d. e.

Knowledge by reason Knowledge as a product of inborn faculties and environmental input Knowledge gained through sensory experience Determined by nature All of the above

4. Dualism, as proposed by Descartes states that: a. b. c. d. e.

The mind is subjective while the body is objective The mind is objective while the body is subjective You cannot have body without mind It is impossible to study the processes of the body Body and mind are one

5. Which is NOT true of the behaviourist perspective? a. Emphasizes the objective, observable verification of research findings b. States that all behaviour consists of learned responses to particular stimuli c. Can be applied to help people eliminate unreasonable fears and phobias d. Proponents are B.F. Skinner and John Franklin e. Can be applied to help people learn new skills, particularly in education 6. A major criticism of the Psychodynamic perspective is that it is: a. b. c. d. e.

Too deterministic Ignorant of inner thoughts and feelings Difficult to objectively test theory Too weird Both A and C

7. A focus on the processes of thinking and knowing is a fundamental component of which perspective? a. b. c. d. e.

Biological Humanist Structuralism Functionalism Cognitive

MOTIVATION

8. Will is studying photography. He is not doing it to get the diploma that comes at the end of the program. Rather, his primary purpose is to become a better photographer. His goal would be described as a a. Performance goal (motives to achieve at a particular level e.g. HD) b. Mastery goal (motives to increase competence, mastery or skill) c. Performance-approach goal (goal is to get better grade, to do well in class) d. Performance –avoidance goal (goal is to avoid doing poorly) e. Mastery-avoidance goal (no such thing)

9. Self-determination theory suggests that people have three innate needs which need to be fulfilled for intrinsic motivation to flourish a. b. c. d. e.

Existence, belongingness, goals Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs Attachment, sex, aggression Competence, autonomy, relatedness to others Competence, belongingness, relatedness to others

10. Self-actualisation needs differ from other needs in Maslow’s hierarchy in that they are a. b. c. d. e.

Deficiency needs Growth needs Belongingness needs Esteem needs Physiological needs

11. John strongly values achieving good grades. He believes such an outcome is attainable thus prepares for the upcoming exam by studying. Which theory best explains his motivation? a. Concept of drive theory (unfulfilled needs lead to arousal state that motivates behaviour) b. Expectancy-value theory (motivation as a combo of value on outcome + perceived attainability) c. Goal setting theory (states conscious goals regulate our behaviour) d. Self-determination theory (innate needs needed for intrinsic motivation) e. None of the above

12. Osmometric thirst results from deficiency in __________ whilst volumetric thirst results from deficiency in __________. a. b. c. d. e.

Extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid Glucose; lipids. Osmometric fluid; volumetric fluid Intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid Water; oxygen (just a random out there one!)

13. According to the Glucostatic Hypothesis, hunger occurs because of: a. b. c. d. e.

A shortage of glucose in the bloodstream Stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus Severing of the ventromedial hypothalamus Severing of the lateral hypothalamus

14. According to which theory are people motivated based on the value they place on a future outcome and the belief that such an outcome is attainable? a. b. c. d. e.

Psychodynamic Theory Drive Reduction Theory Expectancy Value Theory Self-Determination Theory Goal Setting Theory

15. Which of the following is NOT a means of thirst inhibition? a. b. c. d. e.

Extracellular hydration Extracellular hydration Water passing through the mouth Water passing through the intestines Bitter taste

16. Which of the following statements is not true? a. b. c. d. e.

Humans can live without secondary drives Human can live without Primary Drives Satisfying a drive is usually an imperative A humans’ optimal state is homeostasis None of the able

17. Drive reduction theory posits that: (select all the correct answers) a. b. c. d. e.

Homeostasis is an uncomfortable state for humans Primary drives are easier to satisfy than secondary drives Biological drives are more important than any other drive Drives create an internal state of tension Reducing tension increases drives

18. Based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, order the following needs from most important at the BOTTOM of the list to least important (at the TOP of the list) a. b. c. d. e.

Friendship Acceptance Good health Individuality Clothing

19. Mohammed’s goal is to achieve a Distinction in PSYC104 by studying really hard and reducing their work hours. Mohammed is unlikely to obtain their goal because (select all that apply): a. b. c. d. e.

The goal is not measurable The goal is outcome driven No specific behaviour/s have been set The goal is not time-limited None of the above

LEARNING 20. If Theresa doesn’t think she has studied hard enough throughout the day, she drinks a Red Bull late at night to keep her awake. Theresa does not use the extra time awake to study; rather she knows that in order to get a good sleep the next night she will have to study harder, or else drink another Red Bull. This is an example of: a. b. c. d. e.

Habituation Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Positive Punishment Negative punishment

21. Timmy is an aggressive 3-year old. Every time he and his mum are in the kitchen, he hits his mum and then feels sad. Recently Timmy has started feeling sad every time he enters the kitchen. This is an example of: a. b. c. d. e.

Classical Conditioning Opponent Process Theory Operant Conditioning Social Learning Vicarious Conditioning

22. When a conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer predicts the onset on an unconditioned stimulus occurs. However, if the conditioned stimulus is not presented for a period of time the conditioned response will again occur in response to the CS. This is called: a. b. c. d. e.

Inhibition; Sensitization Generalisation; Spontaneous Recovery Punishment; Reinforcement Extinction; Acquisition Extinction; Spontaneous Recovery

23. When Peter doesn’t eat McDonalds for lunch he feels grumpy and tired. When Peter does eat McDonalds for lunch it makes him feel normal again. This is an example of: a. b. c. d. e.

Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Positive Punishment Negative Punishment Vicarious Conditioning

24. Shaping refers to: a. b. c. d. e.

A contingent relationship between a behaviour and an outcome Imitation of a model that is similar to oneself Learning of complex behaviours through successive approximations Increasing the magnitude of reinforcement to teach complex behaviours The use of secondary reinforcers that are paired with primary reinforcers

25. In __________ reinforcement, the reinforcer follows every correct response. a. b. c. d. e.

Intermittent Partial Negative Continuous Positive

26. In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, salivation was the a. b. c. d. e.

conditioned response. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response. All of the above.

27. The presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a positive stimulus are both examples of a. b. c. d. e.

28.

negative reinforcement. punishment. positive reinforcement. secondary reinforcement. Negative stimuli

In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a

a. stimulus automatically produces a response without a prior history of experience. b. stimulus which did not initially produce a response now elicits that response. c. spontaneously emitted response increases in frequency as a result of its consequences. d. subject repeats an action they have observed in another and is praised for it. e. subject suppresses an action they observed in another and is praised for it.

29. a. b. c. d. e.

In Thorndike's law of effect, events critical for conditioning occur after the response. occur before the response. occur simultaneously with the response. are unrelated to the response except during extinction. can occur at any stage during the learning

30.

a. b. c. d. e.

31.

a. b. c. d. e.

32.

a. b. c. d. e.

If you have a snake phobia because you once heard a loud noise while looking at a snake, for you a snake is a(n) US. CS. UR. CR. CC

A series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behaviour are called Adaptations. Gradients. Successive approximations. conditioning trials. Gradual adaptions

If the conditioned stimulus is presented many times without reinforcement, we can expect an increase in stimulus generalization. the strength of the UR to increase. an increase in response generalization. extinction to occur. the strength of the CR to increase.

33. A child has learned to avoid a furry, black cat. However, she still plays with her grandmother's short-haired tabby. Her response demonstrates a. b. c. d. e.

negative transfer. extinction. discrimination. successive approximation. positive transfer.

34. Punishment is most effective in suppressing behaviour when it is a. b. c. d. e.

immediate, consistent, and intense. delayed, consistent, and mild. immediate, consistent, and mild. delayed, inconsistent, and intense. immediate, partial, and intense.

35. The greatest degree of resistance to extinction is typically caused by a __________ schedule of reinforcement. a. b. c. d. e.

variable interval variable ratio fixed interval fixed ratio none of the above

36. In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the a. b. c. d. e.

food. bell. salivation to the food. salivation to the bell. All of the above.

37. Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of a. b. c. d. e.

operant conditioning. reinforcement. classical conditioning. vicarious conditioning. partial conditioning.

38. Reinforcement in operant conditioning is most effective when it is a. b. c. d. e.

Response contingent. Stimulus contingent. US-CS contingent. NS-CS contingent. None of the above.

39. After pairing the CS and US in a series of conditioning trials, the organism learns to respond to the CS alone. This response is then called a. b. c. d. e.

unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response. conditioned response. preconditioned response.

PERSONALITY

40. What is a schema? a. b. c. d. e.

A mental script for doing a task A group of nodes connected in the mind A way of understanding the social-cognitive approach to personality A mode of understanding that biases of perception of life events A framework for an experience, based on memory or experience

41. Unconditional positive regard a. Means people are now “clients” instead of “patients” b. Requires you to be nice to people, because we are all human and essentially good c. Is essential to therapy, requiring a close empathic relationship between client and therapist d. Is a theory by Jean-Paul Sartre e. Is a strength of the humanistic approach to personality psychology

42. Eustace is highly anxious, defensive, hypersensitive and insecure. He believes he deserves better things in life and doesn’t mind using other people to get them. Sometimes he daydreams about running Microsoft or winning an Olympic gold medal. His personality style is: a. b. c. d. e.

Psychopathic Overt narcissism Covert narcissism Shame-prone Machiavellian

43. Eysenck’s super-traits are a. b. c. d. e.

Extraversion, Agreeableness, Psychoticism Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism Introversion, Extraversion, Neuroticism Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience, Psychoticism Introversion, Conscientiousness, Psychoticism

44. The oral stage is about _______________ and the anal stage is about ______________. a. b. c. d. e.

Dependence and trust; control and compliance Control and compliance; dependence and trust Dependence and trust; identification with others Pleasure and satisfaction; orderliness and trust The mouth; toilet training

45. A psychologist designs an experiment wherein subjects complete a personality test and an IQ test. This is a ___________ to personality research. A strength of this approach is that it _________________. a. b. c. d. e.

Correlational approach, is cost-effective Clinical approach, considers the functioning of the whole person Experimental approach, is close to the scientific ideal Psychological approach, is thorough Experimental approach, generates new hypotheses

46.

In Freud’s structural model, the id, ego and superego are best conceived in terms of: a. b. c. d. e.

47.

Instincts, knowledge and rationality Sexuality, destructiveness and the “I” Biological drives, the sense of self and internalised moral standards Unconscious, preconscious and conscious Specific kinds of defence mechanisms

Carl Rogers considered problems with personality to arise from: a. Certain nodes that are activated regularly become wired together, creating a strong link. Thus, when one is activated the rest of the script must play out. b. A disparity between the person’s ideal self and their self-concept, so they changed their behaviour or self-view to avoid the painful reality of this gap c. From early maladaptive schemas, such as the abandonment, social isolation and failure schemas. d. People are essentially good, but held back from their full potential by social experience e. Because only 1% of the population are able to self-actualise

48.

Inhibition to the unfamiliar is a temperament variable. Children with this attribute become upset when confronted with unfamiliar stimuli. a. If they had overprotective mothers, they were less likely to be depressed at age 21 b. Actively confronting the experiences increased the negative effect of inhibition c. Were likely to change if their mothers placed reasonable demands on them d. Were less fearful about a range of common situations at age 7 ½ e. Were more fearful about a range of common situations at age 7 ½

49. Johnnie needs a coffee before a lecture. During a lecture, he bounces his leg up and down. He occasionally checks Facebook and makes comments to his neighbour about the lecture content. Only this morning he made plans to go skydiving this afternoon. Johnnie is: a. b. c. d. e.

Stimulus hungry A risk-taker A poor student Low in ARAS High in ARAS

50. The Id is to “just do it” as the super ego is to a. b. c. d. e.

Wait till later Do your own thing Don’t do it Oh, sit on it None of the above

51. The unconscious contains a. b. c. d. e.

Material that can easily be brought to awareness Everything we are aware of in a given moment Repressed memories and emotions Thoughts, perceptions, and memories Schemas about appropriate behaviour

52. The concepts of traits is used to account for personal characteristics that are a. b. c. d. e. 53.

biologically determined relatively permanent and enduring situation specific shared by a group adaptable to experience. The five-factor model of personality includes (select the one correct answer):

a. b. c. d. e.

social interactionism willingness agreeableness sense of humour flexibility

54. Learning theorists a. b. c. d. e.

Have removed the ‘person’ from personality Emphasize situational determinants a of behaviour Stressed the importance of the unconscious Stressed the importance of the conscious Would view a trait as stable in all in situations

55. ________ theory maximised and _____ theory minimised the role of unconscious a. b. c. d. e.

trait; humanistic psychanalytic; behaviourist psychoanalytic; humanist trait; behaviourist humanistic; trait

56. According to Jung, art, religion, myths, and drama are important to individual functioning because they a. b. c. d. e.

Facilitate conscious development Are symbols that appeals to basic archetypes Provide the means for achieving control over a hostile environment Transmit specific information for solving developmental tasks Are universal symbols that facility understanding all humans

57. According to behaviourists, a. b. c. d. e.

hostile, generous, or destructive impulses arise in the unconscious. personality is acquired through conditioning and observational learning. personality is strongly influenced by one's self-image. personality develops from initial feelings of inferiority personality develops from initial feelings of maternal neglect

58. The part of the mind that is beyond awareness is called the a. b. c. d. e.

Unconscious Conscious Post conscious Preconscious None of the above.

BIOLOGICAL BASES

59. Which of the following best states the purpose of neurons? a. Neurons receive information from the brain and carry out motor activities through messages via the spine b. Neurons transmit information to the brain from sensory cells either directly or by way of the spinal cord c. Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system, which direct vital bodily functions such as digestion and heartbeat d. Neurons carry information from cell to cell within the nervous system as well as to and from muscles and organs e. All of the above 60. Stimulation from one neuron by another can: a. b. c. d. e.

Cause a spreading voltage change called a graded potential Result in an immediate action potential Depolarise the entire neuron Hyperpolarise the entire neuron None of the above

61. In regard to neurons, an action potential is the: a. Spreading voltage changes along the cell membrane as the neuron is excited b. Nerve impulse that occurs if a cell is hyperpolarised often enough c. Shift in polarity across a cell membrane and subsequent restoration of the resting potential d. Cumulative firing of graded potentials once they have been hyperpolarised e. Movement of sodium and potassium across the cell membrane 62. Inhibitory neurotransmitters: a. b. c. d. e.

Affect the pre-synaptic neuron Facil...