Exam 3 review PDF

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personality 3306 exam 3 review...

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Biological approach (temperament) - Definition o General behavior predispositions present in infancy and assumed to be inherited. - 3 requirements: o appear early o stable o heritable - 3 basic dimensions: o Emotionality  intensity of a person's emotional reactions (affect intensity + emotional expressiveness): children high on this dimension: easily cry, easily frightened, express anger o activity  general level of person’s energy. children high on this: move around a lot, prefers games that involve running around etc. tend to fidget when forced to sit still o sociability  tendency to interact and affiliate w/ other people. Children high on this trait seek out other kids to play with. - Know the different categorizations o Well-adjusted: High self-control and self-confidence; capable of approaching new people and new situations with little difficulty: adulthood: likely to become relatively healthy, well-adjusted adults o Undercontrolled: impulsive, restless, easily distracted: adolescence: more likely to have problems with fighting, lying, disobeying (at school and home) adulthood: legal, work and relationship problems, more likely to have excessive gambling problems at age 32. o Inhibited: fearful, reluctant to get involved in social activities: more likely to show signs of worry, “fussing”, adulthood: less socially engaged, more likely to have depression - temperament and environment: 2-way relationship o Temperaments influence the environment: influences how you interact with others, who you surround yourself with, how people treat you, the opportunities you seek out, etc. o Environment influences the way temperaments develop: Being in high stress environment (e.g. a chaotic, unstable house) affects the physiology of the child and could make the child more susceptible to stress and anxiety. Biological approach (evolution) - difference in mate selection between men and women o What are men and women supposed to look for in potential mates according to the evolutionary approach?  Men

 High reproductive value  Attractive physical features  Younger in age  Women  Financial resources required to raise children  Ability to transfer status or power to the children  Dominant nature o why the difference? - Research finding: age, Attraction. - Limitations: o Difficulties with causality o Learned preferences o Exceptions to the rule?  Same sex couples / couples who don’t want kids/ Emanuel Macron - Cheating: o Why people cheat?  Need for security  Need for freedom Humanistic approach: - Based on existentialism - Key elements: o Personal responsibility  we are ultimately responsible for what happens to us"  "Our behaviors represent personal choices of what we want to do at a particular moment"; Sartre -> "I am my choices." o Here and now  Emphasis on present  learning to live our lives as they happen, not in the past or in the future: being in the moment  we are not locked into our past experiences o Subjective exp of the individual (Phenomenology of the Individual)unique, subjective experience.  Importance of a person’s perspective  Client-centered approach to therapy  no one knows better about how to solve their problems than the client o Personal growth  Needs being met isn’t enough  Still motivated to grow  "People are not content when their immediate needs have been met. Rather, they are motivated to continue their development in a positive manner"

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The concept of Becoming (related to personal growth) o a person is never static, always in the process of becoming a new person  If all have personal choice and move towards personal growth etc. then why are people not mentally healthy?  Quest for meaning not easy  Society creates difficulties  Most lack “the courage to be” Actualizing tendency: one’s inherent tendency to develop all it’s capabilities in ways to which serves or enhances the person. Fully functioning person: an individual who is able to enjoy life as completely as possible o Open to experiences o Lives in here and now o Trust their own feelings Components of Rogerian therapy: o Active listening o Non-directiveness o Client is expert o Empathy o Transparency o authenticity Self-concept: a person’s idea of the kind of person he/she is (not same as self-esteem) o Real self vs. ideal self  Real self: perception; what we are like  Ideal self: what we’d like to be Conditional vs. unconditional positive regard o Conditional positive regard  Acceptance & respect of someone based on how she/he acts o unconditional positive regard  A person’s idea of the kind of person he/she is Conditions of worth o Specific circumstances under which people experience positive regard State of congruence and incongruence o Congruence: the degree to which a persons real and ideal selves are consistent.  Higher congruence  More accepting  More fully functional o Incongruence: Discrepancy between real & ideal selves From incongruence to congruence: 2 ways 1. Engage in personal growth i. Change real self 2. Realize that self-expectations are unrealistic/undesirable ii. Change ideal self Maslow: 2 types of needs/motives

o Deficiency motives: needs that need to be fulfilled (Food, water, need to belong) o Growth motives: Going beyond filling a hole (need for freedom, loving selflessly) - Hierarchy of needs (know steps and their order) o Know the difference between B-love and D-love !  (1) physiological  (2) safety  (3) belongingness & love  (a) D-love: feel like we belong, feel that were loved  (b) B-love beautiful love when people love someone else willing to make sacrifices.  (4) esteem  Perceived as competent & achieving  Admiration and respect  (5) Self-actualization Self-disclosure - Self-disclosure: revealing information about ourselves to other people. - Importance of self-disclosure in humanistic theory: o Hiding parts of ourselves leads to distress o Would only know our true self by verbalizing it - Self disclose and therapy o Client’s self-disclosure leads to more insight and clarity -> more psychological health o Therapist’s self-disclosure leads to trust and connection with client. o “Disclosing therapists create an atmosphere of trust and elicit more disclosure from clients.” (text) - Disclosure reciprocity: people need to reciprocate the amount of disclosure they receive from others in order to strengthen relationships - Gender and disclosure o Women self disclose more than men...