Exercise 9 Stem - • External anatomy of stem • Monocot vs dicot stem • Herbaceous vs woody stem • PDF

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EXERCISE 9:STEMName: ACMAD, ALBERTO,ANG,ARONA, BALAJADIASec: 1D - PH Group #: 1A. External Anatomy of the StemMonocot Stem Plant name: Corn Zea maysHerbaceous Dicot Stem Plant name: Tomato Solanum lycopersicumWoody Dicot Stem Plant name: Apple Malus domesticaCompare a dicot and monocot stem by stati...

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PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY

EXERCISE 9: STEM

A. External Anatomy of the Stem

Monocot Stem Plant name: Corn Zea mays

Herbaceous Dicot Stem Plant name: Tomato Solanum lycopersicum

Woody Dicot Stem Plant name: Apple Malus domestica

Compare a dicot and monocot stem by stating the presence or absence of the parts below. Bases of comparison Dicot stem Monocot stem Present Present Node Internode Present(Shorter) Present(Longer) Leaf scar Present Present(Circular) Present Absent Lenticel Buds Present Present(Not Prominent) Compare herbaceous stem from a woody stem base on the different criteria Criteria Herbaceous stem Woody stem Color Green Brown Texture Soft Tough Growth in Diameter Little growth in diameter Considerable growth in diameter Life Span Annuals, Biennials, Perennials Perennials Nature of outer covering Epidermis Cork cells Nature of buds Mostly naked Covered by scales

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY B. Internal Anatomy of the Stem

Cross section of Monocot stem Plant Name: Lily (Lilium)

Monocot stem vascular bundle Plant Name: Corn (Zea mays) Type of Stele: Atactostele

Cross Section of herbaceous Dicot stem Plant Name: Sunflower (Helianthus)

Dicot (herbaceous) stem vascular bundle Plant Name: Clover (Trifolium) Type of Stele: Eustele

Compare monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous stem Bases of Comparison Monocotyledonous Dicotyledonous Distinction of regions Not distinct; pith regions are never Distinct; there are pith regions present Hypodermis Made of sclerenchyma fibres, not Formed of collenchyma fibres green which are often green in colour Bundle sheath Sclerenchymatous; surrounds the Absent around the vascular vascular bundles bundles Vascular cambium Absent Present Kind of growth Endogenous; generally do not Exogenous; undergo secondary undergo secondary growth growth Scattered Ring arrangement Arrangement of vascular bundle

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY

C. Secondary Growth

X-section of old dicot stem Plant Name: Lindens (Tilia sp)

Portion of old dicot stem with lenticel Plant Name: Elderberry (Sambucus sp)

Draw a woody dicot stem in a cross section and label the sapwood, heartwood, and bark.

Bark

Heartwood

Sapwood

Fill the table below regarding the difference between sapwood and heartwood Bases of Comparison Sapwood Heartwood Location Outer region of old trees Central region of old trees Color Light Colored Wood Dark Colored Wood Nature of cells Living Dead Function Conduction of water and minerals Mechanical support Economic importance Paper production Woodworking

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY D. Specialized Stems Draw some representatives of specialized stems and give their specialized features and functions.

Plant name: Red Onion (Allium cepa) Specialized structure: Bulbs Specialized Function: Massive food storage

Plant name: Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) Specialized structure: Vine Specialized Function: Helps plants reach light-rich areas

Plant name: Autumn Crocus (Colchicum autumnale) Specialized structure: Corms Specialized Function: fuels plant growth in unfavorable conditions, reproduction

Plant name: Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) Specialized structure: Stolon/Runner Specialized Function: vegetative production

Plant name: Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Specialized structure: Rhizomes Specialized Function: plant perennatio

Plant name: Boat Orchid (Cymbidium) Specialized structure: Pseudobulb Specialized Function: food and water storage, distributes carbon from leaves to other plant organ

Plant name: Prickly Pear (Opuntia) Specialized structure: Cladophyll Specialized Function: Reduces water loss

Plant name: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Specialized structure: Tuber Specialized Function: plant perennation and asexual reproduction

Plant name: Crown-of-thorns (Euphorbia milii) Specialized structure: Horns Specialized Function: protection against herbivory

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY Questions 1. Is an apical meristem also present in an axillary bud? Why? Yes, the apical meristem is contained within the axillary bud. This is to facilitate the axillary bud outgrowth. 2. Differentiate the apical meristem of the stem and that of the root? The shoot apical meristem gives rise to organs like leaves and flowers. Root apical meristem, on the other hand, provides the meristematic cells for future root growth. 3. How do the vascular bundles of young woody dicot stem differ from those of the young herbaceous dicot stem? In monocot stems, the xylem and phloem are organized in vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem, while the vascular bundles in dicot stems are arranged in a ring-like pattern, with pith concentrated at the core. 4. What tissues comprise the outer bark? Inner bark? The outer bark consists of mostly dead tissues as a product of the cork cambium (phellogen). The inner bark, on the other hand, consists of secondary phloem tissues. 5. List down 10 plant whose stems are used medicinally Common name Arjun Tree

Scientific name Terminalia arjuna

Christ's thorn jujube Ziziphus spina-christi Quassia amara Quassia Guaiacum Guaiacum officinale Ephedra sinica Ephedra Myrrh Commiphora myrrha

Willow Tree

Salix spp.

Quinine Tree Peru Balsam

Cinchona pubescens Myroxylon balsamum Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Cinnamon

Family Combretaceae Rhamnaceae Simaroubaceae Zygophyllaceae Ephedraceae Burseraceae Salicaceae

Rubiaceae Fabaceae Lauraceae

Use Reduces risk of coronary artery disease Antibacterial Insecticidal, Antifeedant Rheumatoid arthritis Antiasthma Antiseptic Used for the treatment of pain (specifically lower back pain, osteoarthritis, headaches, and other inflammatory conditions such as tendinitis and bursitis) Used to treat malaria Antibacterial, Antiseptic Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory, Antifungal

Score Completeness Correctness Neatness Total

/5 /10 /5 /20

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