EXPERIMENT 1, 2, 3: TOTAL SOLIDS (TS), TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) & VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS. PDF

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OBJECTIVES To determine the total solids (TS) in a wastewater sample. To determine the total suspended solids (SS) in a wastewater sample. To determine the volatile suspended solids (VSS) in a wastewater sample. INTRODUCTIONWater is a very good solvent for solid materials and a medium where impuriti...

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OBJECTIVES 1. To determine the total solids (TS) in a wastewater sample. 2. To determine the total suspended solids (SS) in a wastewater sample. 3. To determine the volatile suspended solids (VSS) in a wastewater sample.

INTRODUCTION Water is a very good solvent for solid materials and a medium where impurities easily carry away by its flow. These compositions will affect the water quality. One of the important parameters in the wastewater quality test is to identify these solid containments and their properties before it become a hazardous water body. Solid in water bodies can come in organic solid such as animals and plants matter and inorganic solids such as mineral compounds and salts. These solids can be divided into several categories such as Total solids, Suspended solids, Dissolved solids, Volatile solids, Settle able solids and fixed solid. All of the stated solids are very important in solid analysis for example in activated sludge process of wastewater treatment systems. In this experiment, we will determine the total solids, total suspended solid and volatile suspended solid in wastewater that have provided by lab instructor. The term solid is used when referring to any material suspended or dissolved in water or wastewater that can be physically isolated either through filtration or evaporation. The TS is referring to the residue remaining after a wastewater sample has been evaporated and dried at a defined temperature. TS also a measure of total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) in water. The TS value is used to assess the reuse potential of wastewater and to determine the most suitable type of treatment process. The term suspended solids (SS) is material that remain suspended in water and act as a colloid. The measurement of SS is a way of gauging water quality. SS are common in wastewater applications and should not be mistaken for settleable solids that are also abbreviated as SS. When SS are left untreated, these can contribute to sewer pipe blockage and cause damage to other systems. Volatile suspended solids are defined as solid composition from Total Suspended solids that is loss due to 550°C ignition. It is a water quality measure obtained from the loss on ignition of total suspended solids. Volatile solid usually comes from organic compound

such as oils. The temperature of 550°C is the point where the organic compound is in a complete oxidation process. This test is a measure to indicate the organic matter composition. The greater the concentration of organic or volatile solids, the stronger the wastewater.

MATERIAL AND APPARATUS  Wastewater sample.  Distilled water.  Pipette.  Porcelain crucible.  Oven.  Desiccator.  Muffle furnace.

PROCEDURE A.

Experiment 1: Total Solid. 1) The water sample was shaken thoroughly to homogenize it. 2) 5 mL of sample was pipetted into the weighed porcelain crucibles which has been cleaned and dried to a constant weight in an oven previously. 3) The water was evaporated off on a steam bath until dry then it is dried in an oven at 105 degree Celsius for 1 hour. 4) The porcelain crucible was cooled in a desiccator. 5) The porcelain crucible was weighed.

B.

Experiment 2: Total Suspended Solid. 1) The filter disk was dried in the oven at 103 degree to 105 degree for 1 hour. It was cooled in a desiccator and weighed.

2) The filter disk was dried; 10 mL of water sample was pipetted onto centre of disk in a Buchner flask by using gentle suction. 3) The disk was carefully washed with 10 mL distilled water. The disk was dried at 103-105 degree for 1 hour. C.

Experiment 3: Volatile Suspended Solid. 1) The SS from TSS was ignited at 550 degree in the muffle furnace for half an hour. 2) It was cooled in a desiccator and it was weighed. It was repeated till a constant weight was obtained.

DATA A.

Experiment 1: Total Solid.

1st Trial: Mass of empty evaporating dish Mass of evaporating dish + total solid Mass of total solid Volume of sample

48.4475 g 48.4478 g 0.0003 g 5.0 mL

2nd Trial: Mass of empty evaporating dish Mass of evaporating dish + total solid Mass of total solid Volume of sample

B.

45.5730 g 45.5727 g 0.0003 g 5.0 mL

Experiment 2: Total Suspended Solid.

Mass of empty filter paper Mass of filter paper + total suspended solid Mass of total solid Volume of sample

0.2453 g 0.2459 g 0.0006 g 10.0 mL

C.

Experiment 3: Volatile Suspended Solid.

Mass of filter disk + solids before ignition Mass filter disk + solids after ignition Difference of before and after ignition Volume of sample

CALCULATION A. Experiment 1: Total Solid.

Total solid ( TS )=

A−B × 106 C

Where, A = weigh of evaporating dish + remaining solid (g) B = weigh of dry empty evaporating dish (g) C = Volume of sample (mL) 1st Trial: Total solid ( TS )=

48.4478−48.4475 × 106 5

= 60 mg/L 2nd Trial: Total solid ( TS )=

45.5730−45.5727 × 106 5 = 60 mg/L

0.2459 g 0.2429 g 0.003 g 10.0 mL

B. Experiment 2: Total Suspended Solid.

Total suspended solid ( TSS)=

A−B ×106 C

Where, A = weigh of filter disk + solids (g) B = weigh of disk alone (g) C = Volume of water sample used (mL)

Total solid ( TS )=

0.2459−0.2453 ×106 5 = 120 mg/L

C. Experiment 3: Volatile Suspended Solid.

Volatile suspended solid ( VSS )=

A−B 6 × 10 C

Where, A = weigh of filter disk + solids before ignition (g) B = weigh of filter disk + solids after ignition (g) C = Volume of water sample used (mL)

Total solid ( TS )=

0.2459−0.2429 ×106 5 = 600mg/L

DISCUSSION In this experiment, we have succeeded in determining the total solids (TS), suspended solid (SS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) in waste water by using different techniques for each objectives. We have managed in obtaining the total solids of waste water by heating the waste water until it all evaporates and proceeding to drying the crucible containing the waste water residue in an oven of 105OC for 30 minutes. After an hour, the dried residue of waste water is cooled in a desiccator for 10 minutes and weighed. The weight of the evaporating dish + remaining solid for the 1st trial is 48.4478g. Whereas the weight of the dry evaporating dish for the 1st trial is 48.4475. Hence by using the formula of Total solid (TS) =

( weight of the evaporating dish+remaining solid )−( weight of dry evaporating dish) Volume of sample(5 mL)

x 106, the amount of total solids in the waste water is 60mg/L for the first trial. For the 2 nd trial the weight of the evaporating dish + remaining solid if 45.5730g. Whereas the weight of the dry evaporating dish is 45.5727g. Therefore, by using the same formula for total solids (TS), the amount of total solids in waste water for trial 2 is also 60mg/L. Based on this data, we can conclude that they both contains the same amount of total solid due to the sample of waste water are from the same source. Total solids are the accumulation of organic sources found in the waste water such as microorganism, decaying animals and also plants. The clarity of the water decreases if high level of total solids exist. The total suspended solid is determined in the ration of total solid that are retained in a glass fibre filter disc. The pre-weighed filter disc is wetted by distilled water and filter by using vacuum. Afterwards, waste water is passed through the fibre filter disc and the fibre filter disc containing the residue is dried in an oven for one hour at 105 OC. Subsequently, the disc harbouring the residue is cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The weight of filter disc and residue is 0.2459g, whereas the weight of filter disc alone is 0.2453g. The formula used to

obtain

the

amount

of

total

suspended

( weight of filter disc +residue )−(weight of filter disc only ) Volume of sample(5 mL)

solid

(TSS)

is

x 106. Hence the amount of

total suspended solid in our sample waste water is 120 mg/mL. Total suspended solid are solid materials that includes both organic and inorganic species that co-exists in water. Examples of TSS includes industrial wastes and plankton. Similar to TS, high level of TSS will lower the quality and clarity of the water by absorbing light. Once the water becomes

warmer due to absorption of light, the waters ability to sustain oxygen will reduce. The amassing of warm water, fewer exposure to light and reduction of oxygen will the aquatic life in a drastic way. Examples of aquatic life affected by the particles of total suspended solid are clogging of fish gills and lowers the resistance to diseases. Lastly, we determine the amount of volatile suspended solids by heating the fibre filter disc and residue in experiment 2 in a muffle furnace for 30 minutes. The purpose of this is to obtain an estimation of the quantity of organic matter presented in the waste water sample. Afterwards the filter disc + residue is cooled in a desiccator for 10 minutes and weighed. The weight of filter disc and residue before ignition is 0.2459g, whereas the weight of filter disc + residue after ignition is 0.2429g. The formula used to obtain the amount of volatile suspended solid

(VSS)

is

( weight of filter disc +residu BEFORE ignition ) −(weight of filter disc+residue AFTER ignition ) Volume of sample (5 mL) x 106. Hence the amount of volatile suspended solid in our sample waste water is 600 mg/mL. A few precautions must be taken in order to achieve the most precise and accurate results. For instance, be sure all glassware are cleaned and dried. This is to ensure no foreign residue are presented on the apparatus, which may affect the actual results. In addition, be sure to weigh the fibre filter disc as soon as it’s cooled. This is to avoid the disc from being exposed to the air for too long as it can absorb water vapour. If water vapour is presented it can affect the actual weight of the results.

CONCLUSION In conclusion, we have learned to determine the total solids, total suspended solids and volatile suspended solids in a wastewater sample. The amount of total solid, total suspended solid and volatile suspended solid has been calculated and the reason behind the result obtained has been discussed. We can conclude the concentration of total solids (TS), suspended solids (SS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) is 60 mg/L, 120 mg/L and 600 mg/L respectively. The waste water is not very polluted since the concentration of suspended solids in waste water still not over the standard value.

QUESTIONS Experiment 1 1. What does Total Solid (TS) represent in sample of water and wastewater? Total solids are the form of the suspended and dissolved solids which is organic, inorganic solids. In an average domestic wastewater, the organic compounds presented are proteins, carbohydrates, and fats together with the products of their decomposition. The organic solids, which are subject to decay, constitute the main problem in wastewater treatment. Inorganic solids are the natural waters that dissolve some of the rocks and minerals include sand, gravel and silt. 2. Explain the meaning of ‘weighing to constant mass’ and why it is an important experiment procedure? Weighing to constant mass means that the sample is being heated and weighed repeatedly until the mass does not change. It is important in order to determine the real weight (final weight) of the sample.

Experiment 2 1. How do SS affect water quality? In terms of water quality, high levels of total suspended solids will increase water temperatures and decrease dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. This is because suspended particles absorb more heat from solar radiation than water molecules will. This heat is then transferred to the surrounding water by conduction. Warmer water cannot hold as much dissolved oxygen as colder water, so DO levels will drop. In addition, the increased surface temperature can cause stratification, or layering, of a body of water. When water stratifies, the upper and lower layers do not mix. As decomposition and respiration often occur in the lower layers, they can become low dissolved oxygen levels for organisms to survive.

Experiment 3 1)

Differentiate between the terms ‘SS’ and ‘VSS’ Suspended solids (SS) are particles that are larger than 2 microns found in the water column. Anything smaller than 2 microns (average filter size) is considered a dissolved solid. Most suspended solids are made up of inorganic materials, though bacteria and algae can also contribute to the total solid concentration. Suspended solids are important as pollutants and pathogens are carried on the surface of particles. The smaller the particle size, the greater the total surface area per unit mass of particle in grams, and so the higher the pollutant load that is likely to be carried. Volatile suspended solids (VSS) are a substance that can easily transform from its solid phase to its vapor phase without going through a liquid phase. Volatile solids normally represent the amount of organic solids in water, and have great importance in water and wastewater treatment. The amount of volatile solids in wastewater is frequently used to describe the strength of the waste. The more volatile solids present in wastewater, the stronger that wastewater is. If the volatile solids in wastewater are mostly organic, the impact on a treatment plant is greater than if the solids are mostly inorganic.

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