Experiment 3 Reaction TIME LAB Report PDF

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Reaction time lab report...

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KSX3603 EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY SEMESTER 2 2020/2021 GROUP C

Group Members

Name

Students’ ID

Nur Imanina Hannani Bt Mazlan

D20182085307

Nur Safirah Bt Alang Abd Rashid

D20181081536

Nurul Sarah Afini Bt Ruzailan

D20182085267

Lecturer

Dr. Md Azman bin Shahadan

Assignment

Experiment 3 Report : Comparison between male and female towards Reaction Time

Date of Submission

20th June 2021 (Sunday)

Running Head : COMPARISON BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE TOWARDS REACTION TIME

Comparison between Male and Female towards Reaction Time

Imanina Mazlan

Safirah Rashid

Sarah Ruzailan

Department of Psychology and Counselling

Faculty of Human Development

Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI)

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COMPARISON BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE TOWARDS REACTION TIME

Abstract This experiment examined the comparison between male and female towards reaction time. Reaction time is how fast an organism can respond to a given stimulus and the result can be varies as affected by gender, fatigue, age, distraction, personality type or any other extraneous factor. It was hypothesized that male have faster reaction time than female. There is significant difference in reaction time between male and female. For this experiment, participants need to respond to stimulus in an online reaction time test, which is the red lightgreen light reaction time test. Investigator observe how fast each participant respond to the given stimulus. Participants will be briefed about the experiment procedures and informed consent. The participant will be asked to sit comfortably in front of the laptop with a mouse that is provided together along with the internet connection and online test of reaction time, which is the red light-green light reaction time test. Participants need to click the large button on the right to begin and wait for the stoplight to turn green. When the stoplight has turn green, participants need to click the large button quickly. In order to continue to the next test, participants need to click the large button again. Each reaction time will be recorded by the investigator. The experiment will be repeated 10 times for each participant and the average time reaction test will be calculated. The results indicated that there is significant difference in reaction time score between male and female. The findings largely supported the hypotheses, suggesting that male have faster reaction time compared to female.

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COMPARISON BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE TOWARDS REACTION TIME

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Comparison between Male and Female towards Reaction Time “Reaction time (RT) is a measure of the response to a stimulus” (Jain, 2015, p.1). Reaction between both gender male and female are varies to each other. Several different researches have been performed to support the claim that reaction time between males and females varies. The relationship between reaction time and gender is defines as how quickly they can respond to a particular stimulus. A fast reaction time is a great skill to have as its practical implications may be of great consequence, whether it's for avoiding something or to get something. However, some research predetermined people to have a slower reaction time than others based on gender. From many previous studies on gender and reaction time, commonly always resulted in men having a faster response and having lower reaction time to respond than women. No matter how big the test is it usually ends with the same result. There have been numerous recent studies that are similar and related to the one conducted. In 1987, Blough and Slavin (1987), were conduct a study on “Reaction time assessments of gender differences in visual spatial performance” to assess the different between both genders. Participant were selected from Brown University undergrad student which consist 30 male and 30 females. In the choice reaction time test, male reaction time was 0.51 while the female reaction time was 0.64. The interesting part of this study is that although males reacted faster, females had a 96.9% rate of correct answers, while males only had a 92.4% rate of correct answers (Blough, 1987). Another study conducted by Kalyanshetti (2014), where the participant involves 200 healthy volunteers consist of 100 men and 100 women. There were 2 reaction tests conducted; visual reaction time for red and visual reaction time for green. The findings indicate men perform better than women. Overall, both genders were performed better with visual time for red than visual reaction time for green. The average reaction time for men with red was 211.46 while the women reaction time for red was 214.35. The average reaction time for men

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with green was 214.79, while the reaction time for women with green was 220.37 (Kalyanshetti, 2014). Moreover, a research by Karia (2012) on effect of gender difference on visual reaction found that men have a lesser reaction time than women. A study was conducted on medical students of Bhavnagar consist of 50 men and 50 women. The age of participant is varied from 17 to 20 years old. There are two visual reaction time were studied. At first, the individuals' visual response times to a stimulus were measured. Then, the participant reaction time were tested by how fast they reacted to four different colors by pressing the respective key assigned to the color when it shows. Men scored 0.14 and women got 0.16 in the first reaction time test. Men scored 0.27 and 0.30 for women in the second reaction time test (Karia, 2012). From the result, the findings indicate that men have a lesser reaction time than women. Another study conducted by Balakrishnan et al (2014), involve 60 healthy undergraduate female volunteers. This research conducted to compared reaction time for the colors green, red and yellow on woman. From the result, findings indicate that the visual reaction time for yellow color was more compared to the reaction time for red and green colors. All the data given in this study provides us with additional information about females in general, as well as their reaction rates, which is important when comparing males and females. According to the most research, Males and females process information in different ways. Men use binary processing strategy, whereas female are more into left-to-right processing strategy (Adam, 1999). This insight was supported in the testing, which indicates that males had faster reaction times than women. All of these studies point to the fact that males have a faster reaction time than females. Each study proves that males performed females. The information we get from most of this article was necessary because it provide us

COMPARISON BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE TOWARDS REACTION TIME

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with a basis theory and explanation for this experiment. Our hypothesis in this research is male have faster reaction time than women. It is supported by the results in the cited readings.

Method

Participants 10 participants for this experiment were chosen using stratified random sampling that consists of 5 females and 5 males. The participants are in the age range between 20 to 49 years old that were from Kerteh (Terengganu), Teluk Intan (Perak) and Kuantan (Pahang).

Apparatus A reaction time test online to see how fast the participants react to the green button was used in this experiment. The participant will be using the link https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/java/redgreen.html for the experiment. All the apparatus needed such as laptop, mouse, online software and internet connection are provided by the investigator.

Procedure Each participant will be briefed about the experiment procedures and informed consent. The participant will be asked to sit comfortably in front of the laptop with a mouse that is provided together along with the internet connection. The participants need to take an reaction time online test of red light - green light reaction time test. Participants need to click the large button on the right to begin and wait for the stoplight to turn green. When the stoplight has turn green, participants need to click the large button quickly. In order to continue to the next test, participants need to click the large button again. Each reaction time

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will be recorded by the investigator. The experiment will be repeated 10 times for each participant and the average time reaction test will be calculated. Before beginning the experiment the participant is instructed as follows: “Listen to me carefully. By using the laptop and the mouse, your reaction time will be tested using the link provided. See these images of stoplight, you need to wait for the stoplight to turn green and click the large button quickly. The stoplight may take up to seven seconds to change. You may press any key instead of clicking on the button, if you prefer. You will be tested ten times and your average reaction time will be calculated. Have you understood your task (any query was properly answered).”

Results The data are collected and analyzed using independent sample t-test method through SPSS. The null hypothesis is there is no significant difference between male and female in mean reaction time score. The alternative hypothesis is there is significant difference in mena reaction time score between male and female. Table 1 below shows the outcome of mean value for each participant or individual reaction time scores. The data from each ten participant's attempts at reaction time test were manually calculated to obtain the mean value for each participant. Table 3 in the appendix A show that reaction time scores (M = 0.4270 ; SD = 0.26260). Table 4 in appendix B, which shows the t-test result of reaction time scores between male and female indicate that from (n=10), 5 male (M = 0.2280 ; SD = 0.11476) and 5 female (M = 0.6260 ; SD = 0.20732). Table 5 in appendix B shows that the assumption of homogeneity of variances are met as the Levene’s Test shows that p > 0.05. The variance of the two groups are equal. Thus, for

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the t-test for equality of means which is the actual results from the independent t-test , investigator rely on the first row of output, which is the equal variances assumed. Since p = 0.006, it is less than significance level a = 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected. It conclude that mean reaction time score for male and female is significantly different. There was a significant difference in mean reaction time score between male and female ( t8 = -3.756, p = .006 ).

Table 1 Mean Reaction Time Scores of Male and Female for 10 trials __________________________________________________ Gender Individual reaction time score __________________________________________________ Male 0.27 Male

0.14

Male

0.18

Male

0.14

Male

0.41

Female

0.29

Female

0.78

Female

0.58

Female

0.68

Female

0.80

___________________________________________________

COMPARISON BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE TOWARDS REACTION TIME

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Table 2 Mean, Standard Deviation of male and female in reaction time scores

Reaction

Gender

N

M

SD

Male

5

0.2280

0.11476

Female

5

0.6260

0.20732

T

-3.756 time scores

P

0.006

Discussion

Based on this study, we hypothesized that males will have faster reaction time compared to the females because male usually more coordinated than women. Research was done and prove that males do in fact have quicker reaction time. Eventually, our hypothesis is accepted. Men use binary processing strategy, whereas female are more into left-to-right processing strategy. The finding of this studies supported that the binary processing technique used in males can cause a quicker reaction time when participating in simple and recognition. The result of this study correlates with the result of all previous study mention above. A study conducted by Kalyanshetti (2014), indicate men perform better than women in reacting to the given stimulus. Based on our finding indicate that there is significant difference between male and female in reaction time with mean difference of 0.398. From the result obtained, we can conclude that male have significantly faster reaction time. The different between the reaction time of both genders, prove that gender play important role that might influence reaction time. Our null hypothesis concluded that there is no significant different between male and female in mean reaction time was rejected as the evidence presented in tables 4. It is also scientifically proven showing that males have faster reaction time because male have faster motor skills. It is documented that muscle contraction time is the same for males and females

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and motor responses in males are comparatively stronger than females, this explains why males have faster reaction time for both auditory as well as visual stimuli (Jain et al., 2015). Above all that, we identify a few limitations in this study that may distract the result of this study. For instance, when recording the data of the participants, investigator may get distracted and encounter observational error from the reading of the data that were obtained in the online test reaction time. Besides that, due to a numerous time of trials, participants may experience eye fatigue. Eye fatigue refers to when the test must be repeated for 10 times leading to the participants losing interest, and may wanting to complete the task quicker, leading to non-preferable results. Other than that, small sample size of participants may also affect the reliability of experiment result because it leads to a higher variability thus it may lead to bias and difficult to be controlled. However, the calculation of necessary sample size for a specified power done in g Power shows that the total ( n=10) participants is appropriate in order to achieve 0.90 statistical power. The larger the effect size, the smaller sample size needed to achieve the same power. (n=8) paticipants needed for achieving 0.8 statistical power with the same effect size. Even though our experiment showed evidence that males had faster reaction times, but these tests are not as reliable as they may seem. The males and females used in this experiment should be all the same age. This experiment overall was focused on gender different but the because the age range was varying between participant, it is hard to pin point the accurate result. Reaction do slow with age and might have an influence on reflexes and reaction time. In facts that physical changes in nerve slow the speed of reflex as the age increase. A type of bias may also occur during the experiment such as observation bias. Observation bias occurs when participants in the experiment are aware that they are being observed by investigator and, either consciously or unconsciously, alter the way they react or

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the answers as it might happen during the experiment where the participants feel anxious to react accordingly while taking the reaction time test due to being observed by the investigator. Besides, extraneous factor such as noises could not be controlled efficiently throughout the experiment, since the experiment were being done at investigator respective house, a nonlaboratory place. Outside noise such as the sounds of television, cars, motorcycles speeding were presence as well during the experiment, hence it could distract the participants’ level of focus. We also can conclude that lacking of apparatus may resulted in different reading as one of the investigator’s laptop were not provided with mouse instead by only using the touchpad on the laptop. Due to different surrounding and tools in respective houses, some participants were not provided with a comfortable chair that can support the participants’ posture. Therefore, for future methodology of conducting this experiment, all investigator should ensure that there are sufficient tools for the participants’ comfort before doing the experiment. Investigator also perhaps could ask for consent to record the experiment, so that when there is a hesitation, investigator could refer back to the recording. The experiment should be provided with soundproofed, laboratory room to make sure the participants can be more focus and give a full attention during the experiment, not to get distracted by other factors. Future experiment also should conduct sample size estimation before the experiment, and should have a better control on extraneous factors, to optimize the participants’ level of focus. After all, we should control the limitation that could influence the result of our finding and objectives of the experiment. However, regardless of expected hurdles and limitations, all participants did complete all ten trials successfully that contribute to the findings.

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References ADAM, J. J. (1999). Gender differences in choice reaction time: evidence for differential strategies. Ergonomics, 42(2), 327–335. doi:10.1080/001401399185685 Balakrishnan, G., Uppinakudru, G., Girwar Singh, G., Bangera, S., Dutt Raghavendra, A., & Thangavel, D. (2014). A Comparative Study on Visual Choice Reaction Time for Different Colors in Females. Neurology Research International, 2014, 1– 5. doi:10.1155/2014/301473 Blough, P. M., & Slavin, L. K. (1987). Reaction time assessments of gender differences in visual-spatial performance. Perception & Psychophysics, 41(3), 276– 281. doi:10.3758/bf03208225 Jain, A., Bansal, R., Kumar, A., & Singh, K. (2015). A comparative study of visual and auditory reaction times on the basis of gender and physical activity levels of medical first year students. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research, 5(2), 124. doi:10.4103/2229-516x.157168 Kalyanshetti, S. (2014). Effect of Colour of Object on Simple Visual Reaction Time in Normal Subjects. Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University, 03, 96-98. Karia, D. R. (2012). Effect of Gender Difference on Visual Reaction Time: A Study On Medical Students of Bhavnagar Region. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), 2(3), 452-454. doi:10.9790/3013-0230452454

COMPARISON BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE TOWARDS REACTION TIME Appendix A : Descriptive Analysis

Frequencies Table 1 Statistics Gender N

Valid Missing

10 0

Table 2 Gender

5

50.0

Valid Percent 50.0

5 10

50.0 100.0

50.0 100.0

Frequency Percent Valid Male Female Total

Cumulative Percent 50.0 100.0

Descriptive Table 3 Descriptive Statistics N Reaction_time_score Valid N (listwise)

Minimum Maximum 10 10

.14

.80

Mean .4270

Std. Deviation Variance .26260 .069

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Appendix B : Inferential Analysis

T-Test Table 4 Group Statistics Gender

N

Reaction_time_scor Male e Female

M...