Female and Male Reproductive Systems PDF

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Summary

Female Reproductive System- The female genital tract consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and cervix.Ovary- Serves as an exocrine and endocrine gland. o Exocrine, produces ovum. o Endocrine, produce hormones (progesterone and estrogen) to prepare the uterus to implant the ovum. ...

Description

MLSC-3230, Microanatomy and Histotechnology Female Reproductive System -

The female genital tract consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and cervix.

Ovary -

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Serves as an exocrine and endocrine gland. o Exocrine, produces ovum. o Endocrine, produce hormones (progesterone and estrogen) to prepare the uterus to implant the ovum. There are two ovaries, both oval in shape. They are attached to the uterine wall by a broad ligament by a peritoneal fold known as the mesovarium. Ovary Layers o Germinal Epithelium, outermost layer and made of simple cuboidal epithelium. o Tunica Albuginea, next layer down and made of DICT to form a protective capsule. o Cortex, found underneath the Tunica Albuginea and contains follicles. Each follicle contains a single oocyte surrounded by flat follicular cells.  Stroma, composed of connective tissue that support the growing follicles. Stromal cells are spindle-shaped and are similar to fibroblasts. They respond to hormones. o Medulla, innermost layer consisting of loose framework of fibrous tissue and blood vessels. Contains no follicles. Follicle Development, listed in increasing maturity. o Primordial Follicle, also known as the resting follicle. o Primary Follicle o Secondary Follicle o Mature Graafian Follicle Corpus Luteum, results from the reorganizing of the mature Graafian follicle after it releases the ovum. If fertilization/implantation does not occur, it regresses into the corpus albicans (connective tissue fibrous scar). Occurs after the first trimester of pregnancy or if it does not occur.

Fallopian Tube -

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Has four sections o Infundibulum, with fimbriae. o Ampulla, most common site for fertilization. o Isthmus o Intramural Portion, transverses the wall of the uterus. Mucosa, has longitudinal folds to increase the surface area exposed to the ovum.

MLSC-3230, Microanatomy and Histotechnology -

The epithelium consists of ciliated simple columnar and has non ciliated cells that provide secretions for nutrition and protection of the ovum (peg cells). Underneath the epithelium is a highly vascular lamina propria made of LOCT. Muscularis, consists of 2 smooth muscle layers to allow peristalsis. Serosa, outer layer with LOCT and mesothelium.

Uterus -

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House the developing embryo during pregnancy. Has three anatomical parts: the fundus, body, and cervix. Endometrium (Mucosa), simple columnar epithelium being either ciliated or nonciliated. These are secretory cells. o Lamina Propria, consists of loose connective tissue and endometrial glands.  Stratum Functionalis, shed during menstruation and is the superficial layer.  Stratum Basalis, replaces the stratum functionalis when it is shed. Myometrium, a band of smooth muscle that is very thick. The smooth muscle bundles are supported by connective tissue and go in various directions. Vascular and grows in size (hypertrophy) and cell number (hyperplasia) in pregnancy. Perimetrium, a visceral peritoneum consisting of a serosa with mesothelium.

Cervix -

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Admits spermatozoa and also protects the uterus from bacterial infection. Cervical os, the opening from the uterus to the vagina. The upper cervix is made of simple columnar cells (mucous secreting) while the lower/outer cervix is made of stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized) that extends into the vagina. Squamo-Columnar Junction, an abrupt change from the simple columnar epithelium of the endocervix to the stratified squamous epithelium of the exocervix.

Vagina -

Mucosa, made of stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized). Muscularis, circular and longitudinal smoot muscles. Adventitia, DICT rich in elastic fibres.

Mammary Glands -

Modified exocrine glands that produce and secrete milk. The releasing ducts for the milk are found at the nipple. Has many glands with some being arranged in lobules that are surrounded mainly by adipose and connective tissue.

MLSC-3230, Microanatomy and Histotechnology Resting breast have a lot of smaller glands as it is inactive. Active breasts have larger glands with some lipids inside them. - The outermost covering of the breast is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Male Reproductive System -

Testes -

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Serves as an exocrine and endocrine gland. o Exocrine, produces spermatozoa in seminiferous tubules. o Endocrine, produces testosterone in Leydig cells. Stroma, LOCT that contains lobules with each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules to produce spermatozoa. o Tunica Albuginea, thick collagenous DICT capsule that protects the testes and surrounds the LOCT. Parenchyma, include the seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells found in the interstitium. Seminiferous Tubules, produce spermatozoa through their germinal epithelium (complex stratified epithelium). o Sertoli Cells, found within the germinal epithelium and provide nutrients for the spermatozoa. o Leydig Cells, found between the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone. Have pale cytoplasm because they contain many cholesterol lipid droplets for testosterone production.

Rete Testis and Duct System -

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Each seminiferous tubules transitions into the rete testes. Epididymis, 15-20 convoluted ducts that the rete testes drain sperm into for storage and maturation. Consists of pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia (very long microvilli made of microfilaments) that absorb excess fluid surrounding the sperm. Vas Deferens, receives sperm from the epididymis to propel them during ejaculation with three layers of smooth muscle. Mucosa is covered with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia.

Seminal Vesicles -

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Glands that serve to store and secrete 85% pf the seminal fluid into the vas deferens. The fluid provides a proper environment for sperm and is made of fructose (nutrients), alkaline fluid (neutralize vaginal pH), proteins (protection) and phosphorous/potassium (helps sperm move), and prostaglandins (reduce female immune response to semen). The epithelium consists of pseudostratified columnar epithelium that are secretory cells. The lumen of the vesicles are irregular and show a honey-comb appearance microscopically. Smooth muscle is found between the folds. Sometimes brown deposits are seen called Lipofuscin pigment (pigment from wear and tear).

MLSC-3230, Microanatomy and Histotechnology

Prostate -

Gland that the urethra runs through from the bladder to the penis. It produces secretions that prevent sperm coagulation in the vagina. It is a set of tubular alveolar glands with lumen lined with epithelium of variable height. The gland has a stroma consisting of dense collagenous connective tissue and smooth muscle. o Corpora Amylacea, secretions of the prostate that can become calcified. Accumulated overtime in the glands.

Penis -

Usually seen as penile biopsies looking for warts or HPV infection. Foreskin also may come into the lab. Consists of three columns of erectile tissue....