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The endoplasmic reticulum is best described as A network of interconnected membranes. Select the best answer for the mechanism that maintains a stable internal environment Negative feedback A certain UCL student wishing to increase their muscle bulk starts taking amino acid supplements to excess. Select the single best answer that explains how muscle grow in bulk Hypertrophy Which one of the following statements about phagocytosis is correct It is important in bacterial infections Select the single answer which best illustrates increasing levels of complexity from left to right? Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, systems A human cell has 46 total or 23 pairs of chromosomes. Following mitosis, the daughter cells would each have a total of ______ chromosomes. After meiosis I, the two daughter cells would have _____chromosomes, and after meiosis II ______ chromosomes. Select the correct combination of answers from the list below The chromosome number is reduced to one half during the first meiotic division. Recall that the number of chromosomes is determined by the number of centromeres, and not the number of chromatids. Thus 46, 23, 23 is correct. The process of meiosis produces four cells with nonidentical chromosomes. This recombination occurs during Prophase I includes recombination of genetic material and the random arrangement of the homologous pairs, producing diversification of the resulting haploid cells. The universal blood donors for the ABO system are type Since type O blood normally lacks both A and B antigens, it will not be recognized as an alien type by the blood of anyone. As a result, anyone usually can be transfused with O blood without concern about rejection for this blood group Which factor deficiency is closely connected with type B haemophilia development? Haemophilia A is more common and caused by loss of factor VIII, whereas type B is rarer and comes from loss of factor IX. Hemophilia B is the second most common type of hemophilia. It can also be known as factor IX deficiency, or Christmas disease. It was originally named “Christmas disease” for the first person diagnosed with the disorder back in 1952. It is largely an inherited disorder in which one of the proteins needed to form blood clots is missing or reduced. In about 30% of cases, there is no family history of the disorder and the condition is the result of a spontaneous gene mutation. Hemophilia B is far less common than Hemophilia A. Occurring in about one in 25,000 male births, hemophilia B affects about 3,300 individuals in the United States. All races and economic groups are affected equally. When a person with hemophilia is injured, he does not bleed harder or faster than a person without hemophilia, he bleeds longer. Small cuts or surface bruises are usually not a problem, but more traumatic injuries may result in serious problems and potential disability (called "bleeding episodes"). A woman was admitted into hospital with the diagnosis of pregnancyof 11-18 weeks. Threat of pregnancy interruption. What might be the reason of her condition? Mother is Rh-, both father and baby are Rh+ In determining the phenotype for the ABO blood system O is recessive. The rules of dominance for the ABO system are that A and B are both dominant over O (i.e., O is recessive) and A and B are codominant. Which one of the following applies to epithelia? Epithelial cells specialized for ion transport are found in kidney tubules. The term "epithelium" refers to cells that line hollow organs and glands and those that make up the outer surface of the body. Epithelial cells help to protect or enclose organs. Most produce mucus or other secretions. Certain

types of epithelial cells have tiny hairs called cilia, which help remove foreign substances, for example, from the respiratory tract. Epithelial cells are arranged in single or multiple layers, depending on the organ and location. Which of the following can be classified as "specialized connective tissue"? Connective tissue can be sub-classified into connective tissue proper, specialized connective tissue and embryonic connective tissue. Connective tissue proper consists of loose irregular connective tissue and dense connective tissue (regular and irregular). Specialized connective tissue includes cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood and hemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue. Embryonic connective tissue includes mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue. Which one of the following applies to the skin? Apocrine glands are primarily found in the armpits, round the belly button, genital and anal areas of the body. These glands are situated deep within the subcutis and produce a milky type of sweat, which causes body odor when bacteria breaks it down on the skin surface. The sweat is secreted into the upper parts of the hair follicle and exits to the skin via the follicle. In animals these glands produce body odors that attract sexual partners. In a cross sectional view adipocytes are located in the subcutaneous fat layer. Collagen fibers and resilient elastic fibers in the dermis provide the mechanical support. Which of the following would be best suited to visualize collagen fibres? Collagen fibers can be differentiated from other fibers by staining with Masson's trichrome stain. A peripheral blood smear would be best visualized with Wright's stain. Hematoxylin and eosin stain is the most commonly used tissue stain for routine histological examination. Lipids are best displayed with a sudan stain. Silver impregnation, such as with a reticular stain, can be used to visualize reticular fibres. Select the single best answer describing diffusion Diffusion depends upon the random motion of molecules. Results in net movement of water from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. Is important for moving molecules over short distances in the body and would be too slow over long distances. The total osmolality of a solution is the sum of the osmolality due each of the constituents of the solution. Select the single best answer concerning osmolality from the list of options The blood plasma has an osmolality of around 300 mOsmol kg-1, not 500 mOsmol kg-1. The principal ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) contribute most of this (around 290 mOsmol kg-1) and doesn't mainly involve Ca++. Glucose and other small molecules contribute just under 10 mOsmol kg-1. Proteins contribute only about 1 mOsmol kg-1 (less than 0.5% of total plasma Osmolality). Salts separate into their constituent ions, so the osmotic pressure that a salt such as sodium chloride will exert will be twice its molar concentration. Which one of the following is removed from an mRNA after it has been transcribed? Introns Which one of the following techniques would you use to ensure you will have sufficient DNA to carry out the test for the disorder? PCR Scenario: You suspect that a patient has beta-thalassaemia and decide to sequence the region of their beta-globin gene around the intron exon boundaries. You discover that the patient has a mutation in the AG sequence that normally specifies the boundary between an exon and an intron. Which one of the following explains how the beta-globin protein will be affected? Because the mRNA is likely to contain a piece of intron, the protein will contain a stretch of amino acids not normally found in beta globin Select the single best answer from the list below of what the pH scale measures? Concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

Which of the following is not hydrophilic? Lipids. Hydrophilic having an affinity for water; capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding. Hydrophilic molecules typically have polar groups enabling them to readily absorb or dissolve in water as well as in other polar solvents. Lipids are hydrophobic. All of the following hormones have cell surface receptors except Thyroxine. Steroid hormones have cytoplasmic receptors and thyroid hormones have intranuclear receptors. 10 mg of a drug of relative molecular mass (molecular weight) 479, is provided in an ampoule. What volume of saline should the entire 10 mg be dissolved in to yield a solution of 10 mmol /L? Thus 1M = 479g per L, 10mM = 4.79g/L, 10mM = 4.79mg/ml, 10/4.79 = 2.08, thus to one decimal point = 2.1ml How many mL are in 3.1 m3? 3100000mL What is the morality of a solution containing 10 mmol… State your answer in M 1.1. (10 mmol/L = 10mM = 0.01M) Water moves towards solutions of higher osmolarity True The protein content of a cell contributes to the osmolarity of the cytoplasm True In mitosis, the chromatids of each chromosome separate at Anaphase In mitosis, chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell at Metaphase Name the key cell of fibrous (connective) tissue Fibroblast What is its function? Secretion & maintenance of protein fibres (collagen, elastin) & matrix (PGs) What is its appearance in LM sections and where is it found? Pink staining, spongy appearance with few cells. Beneath epithelia; in ligaments, tendons, bone, cartilage, adventitia & membranes surrounding organs. Name three fibre systems (histological name, chemical composition): 1. fibrous connective tissue; type I collagen 2. elastic connective tissue: type I collagen & elastin 3. reticular connective tissue: type III collagen What is their function? 1. Protection & anchoring of epithelia 2. Cushioning; distensibility 3. Delicate supporting framework for tissues Name three major types of connective tissue 1. Dense, regular - e.g. tendon, ligament 2. Adipose 3. Irregular - e. g. dermis Which three cells (other than fibroblasts and adipocytes) are commonly found in connective tissue and what are their functions? 1. monocytes - produce macrophages for defence (engulfing detritus, bacteria etc) 2. lymphocytes - produce B and T cells for immune response 3. mast cells - produce histamine, heparin, inflammatory response

Name four functions of epithelia. For each function name a type of epithelium or epithelial cell that carries it out and name a place where you could find it Protection; stratified squamous keratinized epithelium of skin epidermis. Absorption; simple columnar cells with microvilli in gut Secretion; goblet cells in pseudostratified epithelium of respiratory tract Surface transport; ciliated columnar cells of respiratory tract What structure separates epithelia from underlying connective tissues? Basement membranes (basal lamina) – collagen IV and laminin You should be able to recognise and identify the following structures at the light and/or electron microscope level (a drawing may help you to remember). Name the key features of each. (a) Microvilli Apical surface of enterocytes; 5μm in length; microtubule (9x2) core; highly motile (for surface transport) (c) Junctional complex Lateral surface of epithelia; close to apical surface;  Gap junctions  Tight junctions  Anchoring junctions: - Adherens (actin cytoskeleton) - Desmosomes (keratin cytoskeleton) (d) Desmosomes Structural junctions joining epithelial cells; on lateral surface; protein filaments (keratohyalin) link to cytoskeleton (e) Goblet cells Specialised secretory epithelium in columnar and pseudostratified epithelia; contain mucopolysaccarides (mucus)...