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Rec 100: In class Final Test Questions 1. We have spent a term exploring how leisure is defined, delivered, and practiced. Using this new understanding, create your own definition of leisure (10 marks). In your definition, be sure to address what leisure is/means; how it differs from other concepts, like work and play; and how you conceptualize leisure satisfaction. Own Definition of Leisure Leisure is a quality of life which usually comes out of free time for activities for enjoyment, relaxation, and pleasurable. During this time the individual is usually not workobligated. A leisure experience can be anything an individual wants it to be and this can consist in participating with or without friends. When we participate in leisure, we develop a sense of freedom, control and creativity. • • • • • • •

Enjoyment Relaxation Free Time Voluntary Pleasurable Non-work Non-Obligated

How it differs from play and work Play is voluntary and intrinsically motivated, engagement is voluntary Play is rule bound: both implicit and explicit rules Play is not serious, freely chosen and actively engaging. Work has been a catalyst for boredom – loss of meaning in work Employment activities undertaken by a person for financial compensation •

Experiencing flow is an example of leisure satisfaction, takes away from leisure time, many people don’t like their work

Leisure Satisfaction Leisure satisfaction is the positive perceptions or feelings that an individual form. When one is able to participate in leisure activity and does not have to worry about outside problems. Flow: occurs when there is a match between the challenge of an activity and the skill level of the participant.

2. Define (2 marks) the term “socioeconomic status.” Explain (2 marks) why some authors believe that the term “class” is outdated. Define (3 marks) the word “poverty” and in your definition, differentiate between absolute poverty and relative poverty. Explain (3 marks) why those living in poverty may have a difficult time accessing leisure programs and services. Socioeconomic Status • Social standing in class systems of an individual or group • It is often measured by one’s education, income and occupation • Often reveal inequities in access to resources Some Authors believe the term class is outdated • Class implies that people can be differentiated hierarchically on one or more criteria into distinct layers, WHEN IN FACT, it is more complex Poverty • State of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions • Inequalities related to wealth and income • Divided into absolute and relative poverty Absolute Poverty • When household income is below a certain level • Making it impossible for the person or family to meet basic needs-Shelter Water • Even if country is growing economically, it has no effect on people below the poverty line Relative Poverty • When households receive 50% less than average household incomes, so they do have some money but not enough to afford anything above the basics • This type of poverty can be changeable depending on the economic growth of the country Why those living in poverty may have a difficult time accessing leisure programs and services • Poverty is a form of social inequality • Poorer individuals lack ability to access resources for leisure • Socioeconomic barriers- the cost of recreation is extremely high • Organizational barriers: a lack of supportive policies, facilities and financial resources • Communication barriers- information about recreation resources and services doesn’t reach low-income families

3. Identify the five phases of the outdoor recreation experience and provide an example of each (2.5 marks). Based on what you read in The Nature Principle, define the “nature prescription” (2 marks) and explain Louv’s rationale for the effectiveness of such a prescription (4 marks). Discuss what role you could play in filling this “prescription” as a leisure practitioner (1.5 marks). 5 Phases of the Outdoor Recreation Experience 1. Anticipation: Camping trip, you anticipate for the weather, what to wear, what equipment to bring, 2. Travel to the site: Travelling to the camping site, 20 minutes away 3. On-Site experiences and activities: Camping trip can involve survival guide activities, how to build a tent, how to start a fire 4. Return Travel: Travelling back from the camping trip to home, desired to go home, satisfaction 5. Recollection: Sharing photos or video of the activity. Future camping trips? Nature Prescription/Rationale for the Effectiveness • • • • • • • • • •

Nature prescription can be anything to do with nature, go for a nature walk, watch birds, and observe trees Miller envisions nature prescriptions as part of the burgeoning field of integrated medicine. Practice respectful outdoor behaviour Nature is a tool in medical practices Effectiveness: In louv’s article she preaches that nature prescription can help deal with medical problems such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases Miller’s story, People have workout equipment like a Stairmaster but going for a walk outside and feeling the air is more beneficial o Wants to use national park system’s as an integral part of our health care systems Such thinking could eventually lead to natural health care reform at the national level More people should be trying to go for outdoor health benefits opportunities Daphne Miller and other health care professionals are ready to quicken the pace. Natural fitness shift,

4. Define (3 marks) the term “serious leisure” and explain how it differs from casual leisure. Identify the three types of serious leisure participants and provide an example of each (4.5 marks). Explain why serious leisure participants sometimes find themselves marginalized (2.5 marks). Serious Leisure vs Casual Leisure Serious Leisure • Systematic pursuit of an activity that participants find so substantial and interesting that they launch themselves on a career centered on acquiring and expressing its special skills, knowledge and experience Casual Leisure • Defined as immediately, • intrinsically rewarding, • relatively short-lived • pleasurable activity requiring little or no special training to enjoy it • It is involved for the level of pure enjoyment, or pleasure Marginalized • Sometimes their interest can be uncontrollable or additive • Endeavor is marginal to the social institutions of work, family and leisure • Can be pulled in different directions at once, can be inflexible about the acitivty that is important to them • Clarity of who they really are • For example, gambling can be serious leisure and one may have the desire to engage in activity beyond the time and money available • This results in neglecting other needs, • Many people feel this does not fit the social norms of work, family and leisure • • 3 Types o 1. Amateurs- Amateurs do not make their livelihood at the activity and typically pursue it part time: Artists o 2. Hobbyist- Lack the professional later ego. All amateurs were hobbyists before they professionalized: o For example: A person who collects rare maps for a living. o 3. Volunteers- Helping action that is valued by him/her o Includes the areas of health, education, social/welfare o Devote all/most of free time volunteering o For example, volunteering at a local YMCA during free time o All 3 are trying to find a career in the endeavor

5. Explain (3 marks) what the “darker side of leisure” is and describe (4.5 marks) three reasons that people participate in this type of leisure . In your own words, explain (2 marks) how leisure can help those in marginalized populations, being sure to provide at least one clear example (0.5 marks). Darker Side of Leisure • Leisure can be deviant • Increasing in society • Purple Leisure: Off colour nature of the activities, taboo, deviant, problematic. • Deviant behaviour can be defined as conduct that is perceived by others as violating institutionalised expectations that are widely shared as legitimate with the society Three Reasons that People Participate Out of boredom For pleasure Some people are simply attracted to drinking, smoking, and partying Attempt to Control Outcomes, as in gambling 1. Finding Meaning in Leisure • People try to find meaning in what they participate in • People who act out of boredom and apathy are often driven to seek challenge as leisure pursuits: taking high risks, getting involved in adventure recreation, and confronting adversities and unpredictable outcomes 2. Moral Dilemmas and Risky Leisure • Participation in risky leisure has increased in recent years • Growth in the related supporting industries • Arguments for regulation and legislation have centred on harm to individuals • We have the right to engage in dangerous leisure activities that provide meaningful personal experiences -reading • When individuals or groups lacks a sense of purpose or identity in society, it can result in a disregard for social norms 3. Differential Association • Behavior is learned through interaction with others in intimate personal groups • If a social group is deviant or marginal, it is likely that those types of leisure will be learned • This is seen mostly in young people, by their associations with social groups • For example, if they hang out with drinkers, they may learn to drink, imitate behaviour Leisure and Stigmatization • Leisure can help those in marginalized populations by • Marginalized groups- less power, less privilege, lower status • In my own words, leisure can help those in marginalized populations by making them feel like their worth something and part of a group • Overall create support groups • For example, if someone isn’t doing good in school, join friends who smoke, drink • It can help them get out of depression and maintain a social group • It will also help them gain a sense of perseverance and empowerment • Cope with stigmatization

6. Provide three examples (3 marks) of what pop culture is beyond media (i.e., not television, movies, magazines, etc.). Differentiate (2 marks) between “high culture” and “low culture,” providing an example (1 mark) of each. Identify (4 marks) why this high-low distinction can be problematic and explain how it is beginning to shift. Pop Culture beyond Media • Sum of performance, expression, and symbolism that both influences and reflects human culture • What people are doing now • Pop culture provides shared experiences and creates the social solidarity • Stay tuned in to what is going on in our social world • What pop culture beyond media is going out on a Friday night with your friends • Going to the gym with your friends • Finishing homework asap to go out High vs Low Culture • High: Culture of Elite • Low: Culture of Masses, consist of gossip magazines, reality television, popular music • High: Commercially successful and attract mass audiences, held most commonly by the highest esteem by a culture • • Example: High culture: Expensive restaurants that serve caviar and play classical music • Low culture: Basketball such as NBA is a low culture. Many people involved High vs Low Culture Problematic • Promoting conspicuous consumption: Kardashian-West wedding • Reinforcing stereotypes: Race, age, beauty, gender, sexuality, class • Dealing Lightly with serious issues(intervention) • Gossip: Transmit information about pop culture, celebrity gossip, paparazzi (gotcha!) • Sexting has become a kind of social currency among youth • Food culture is beginning to shift: We love food, engaging the sense, bringing people together for face-to-face interactions • Encouraging individuals to rethink their consumption habits

7. Based on Katie Misener's guest lecture, and what you have learned about leisure and diverse identities in other lectures/readings, explain how sport can include/support individuals (2 marks) and how sport can exclude/harm individuals (2 marks). Then, discuss the relevance of youth hockey being played on smaller ice space as it relates to long-term athlete development (3 marks). Define (1 mark) eSports and discuss (2 marks) whether or not you believe that competitive gamers are athletes. How sport can include/Support Individuals • Canadians who participate in sport report higher levels of life satisfaction • Physical health/fitness-Lower diseases, improve strength • Psychological wellbeing- lower stress and anxiety • Psychosocial and social benefits- builds character, self-control, sportsmanship, teamwork How sport can exclude/harm individuals • Girls have lower rates and much higher dropout rates than boys • Homophobic assumptions female athletes are lesbians • Less funding, less support for those who are not mainstream • Less media coverage for Paralympic and special Olympic sports • Racism in sports Relevance of youth hockey • Gives broad stages of participation such as introduction to sport, grassroots, competitive sport, high performance sport, sport for development • Train to win, train to compete, train to train-Early Specialization • Mental development Esports • Electronic sports: form of digital gaming that often requires competitive and cooperative interactions • A form of sports are facilitated by electronic systems • No, sports doesn’t only require high level of skill but maintain in the best physical shape of ones life, physically demanding activity • While games are done for fun

8. In Heather Mair's guest lecture, she shared the Tourism Society's definition of tourism. Explain how this definition of tourism relates to our class definition of leisure (2 marks). Discuss three of the potential negative impacts of tourism (3 marks), and provide a specific, real-life example of one of the negative impacts you have raised (1 mark). Explain what the Tourism Satellite Account is (1 mark) and provide one example of how tourism professionals could use it to inform their work (3 marks). Tourism and Leisure relationship • Particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home, not more than one year, may or may not involve overnight • One’s desire to participate in travelling • Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours-also be categorized as leisure Negative Impacts of Tourism • Increase in immigration • Tourism jobs are mostly precarious, low-paid work • Local people can be displaced from spaces by tourists • Potential harm to sensitive ecological environments • Real life example: Going overboard like Cuba and polluting the environment by throwing garbage in the river Tourism Satellite Account • Measure the size of economic sectors that are not defined as industries in national account • Economic measurement of tourism • Benefits of the TSA are quality benchmark, assessment of tourism contribution in the economy, • Professionals can identify the tourism sector and industry analysis by GDP increase in countries, etc. • Helps measure domestic tourism, help keep the tourism industry sustainable growth • Relative rankings to other countries, will inhibit policy makers to make decisions about tourism • Providing data relative to vision demand

9. Explain what is meant by the term “social construction” (2 marks). Choose one of gender, race, or disability and discuss how is has been socially constructed in the current Canadian context (be sure to provide examples!) (3 marks). Define the term “intersectionality” (1 mark) and explain its relevance to leisure practitioners (4 marks). Social Construction • Theory of knowledge suggesting that understanding and meaning are developed in coordination with other human beings • Societal Majority shares the meanings they assign to behaviours, objects, and language Social Construction of Gender • Operation of gender and gender differences in societies • Set of norms on how we should behave, socially constructed roles • From kids we have learned how to be boys and girls through play • For example, boys buy transformers, toys, • Girls buy dolls, stuffed animals • Boys are more concerned with dominance and who’s in charge: like playing outside • Girls tend to be encouraging, supportive and cooperative • Social construction of gender in sports, more males in powerlifting, ice hockey, etc • Girls like dance classes • Gender roles. In Canada and mostly across the world, women work at home while men are at the workforce. Intersectionality • The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender • Leisure practitioners have to understand inequalities in race, ethnicity, gender, and disability • Neglecting disability as an identity • In gender men may be more constrained than women • Disability leisure people have lesser opportunities • A study conducted found that nearly 50% of white Canadians but only 38% black Canadians registered to moderate to high level of physical activity • In Canada, appears to assign regular physical activity to well-educated and wealthy white men above all others

10. Write a brief job description for a recreation therapist, including the clients, contexts, and key modalities in which they will work (4 marks). Explain what is meant by “personfirst language” (1 mark) and explain when it would not be appropriate to use it (1 mark). Explain the difference between inclusion and integration (2 marks), and list some of the qualities of a truly inclusive leisure context (2 marks). Recreation Therapist • Purpose is to enable all individuals to achieve quality of life, and optimal health through meaningful experiences in recreation and leisure • Ultimately help the qualitative of life of person’s with special needs • Uses, treatment, education and recreation services to help people with their illnesses, disabilities, and other conditions to develop and use their leisure in ways that enhance their health independence and well-being • Clients include people with disabilities, people with mental health issues, older adults, people who are homeless, dying, people recovering from drug over abuse, • Contexts include: o Clinical settings Hospitals, rehabilitation centers, o Residential settings including long-term care, group homes, shelters o Community Settings: YMCA, parks departments, camps, schools, non-profits • Key Modalities: Creative arts, dance/movement, water sports, travel, hiking, games activities Person First Language • Puts a person first before a diagnosis, describing what a person has rather than asserting what a person is • Intended to avoid marginalization or dehumanization when discussing people with a chronic illness or disability • Not appropriate when using identity-first language: autistic person, Inclusion and Integration • Inclusion: People with disabilities become full, active, learning members of the community • Ensuring choices, having support, having connections, and being valued • Social inclusion involves being able to rejoin or participate in leisure, friendship and work communities • Inclusive communities provide equal opportunities for sharing power and resources amongst different people in society • Bridging the gap between us groups and them groups, disabilities vs mainstream • Integration: People with disabilities have been removed from society in some way, and are now being reintroduced...