Final Exam Review Sheet Spring 2019 PDF

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Download Final Exam Review Sheet Spring 2019 PDF

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1. History of Forensic: Please Know: 1. What is forensic science? The application of scientific technology to supply accurate and objective information reflecting the events that occurred at a crime 2. Know who Bertillon was the creator of Anthropometry (personal identification through body measurements)-1879 3. What is Locard's principle of exchange? Whenever 2 objects come in contact with one another, they exchange some material 4. Who popularize forensics: Sherlock Homes 5. Know who locard: Developed the 1st police lab-1910 and develop the principle of exchange. 6. Know who Galton Developed 1st fingerprint identification system-1860’s 8. Ms. LEE : developed the Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death to help in the advancement of forensic medicine and scientific crime detection through training. 9. Know three examples of Biological, Physical, and Chemical evidences. Physical: Fingerprints, shoe prints, handwriting, tool markings Biological: Blood, Semen, Urine, Saliva, Tissues Chemical: Fibers, Glass, Soil, Gunpowder, Metal paper, paints 11. List the 5 manners of Death: Natural, Homicide, Suicide, Accident, and Undetermined. 12. Know the three duties of a forensic anthropologist. 1. Analyze physical evidence 2. Provide Expert Testimony 3. Provide training in the recognition, collection and preservation of physical evidence 2. MLS Questions: 1. What is a Biological Profile? Biological profile: is a summary of the victim’s life history through the analysis of the bones to determine age, sex, health before death, and cause of death. 2. MLS (medicolegally significant) requires how many years to be recognized as MLS? 50 years or less. 4. Know what factors can help us identify baby/juvenile bones from none human bones. Fusions site and bone density

5. What are some characteristics that are used to identify human bone vs. animal bones? Bone density, Shape and articulation sites. 3. Woman in the iron coffin: Questions: 1. What is the role of the forensic archaeologist? To create a biological profile, to determine cause of death and time of death. 2. How was the biological profile established for the woman in the iron coffin? 3. What role does historical record (s) play in the identification process? 4. What type of methods are used to ID the Victim? 4. Hairs: 1. What is a Hair? Hair is composed of the protein keratin, it is made of three parts cuticle, cortex, and medulla 2. Name the different parts of a hair structure: Cuticle, Cortex, and Medulla 3. What is trace evidence? Any small pieces of material, manmade or naturally occurring ex. Hairs and fibers. 4. What are some of the key characteristics that help us differentiate human hairs from nonhuman hairs? 5. How are hairs collected from a crime scene? Using vacuum, tweezer, and roller 5. Fibers: 1. What is a Fiber? A fiber is the smallest unit of a textile material that has a length many times greater than its diameter. A fiber can be spun with other fibers to form a yarn that can be woven or knitted to form a fabric. 2. What is a natural fiber vs a man-made fiber? (Please be able to name two examples of a natural fiber and a man-made fiber) A natural fiber is come from plants and animals are used in the production of fabric. An example of a natural fiber is: 1. Cotton 2. Wool 3. Silk A man-made fiber is materials are synthetic such as Nylon, rayon, and polyester

3. How are fibers collected and tested? Using vacuum, tweezer, and roller, Burn Test, Chemical testing…. 5. What factors can affect the transfer of fibers? - Time lapse - limited connect between victim and assailant 6. Human vs. Non-Human Bones 1. Please know how human bone is different microscopically from animal bones: the fusion rate are different in human vs animals so microscopically the bone density would appear less in human and more in animal. 2. Please know the definitions of: Bipedal: Walks on only two legs ex. Human Quadrupedal: Walks on four legs ex. Dog 3. Know 3 Architectural differences between human and non-human bones Scapula: Nonhuman—Articulation site is located more distal Human—Articulation site is located more proximal Humerus Non-Human: Short, thicker. Top: Square shape, bottom: Wider single part Human: Longer, Thin, Top: more rounded parallel, Bottom: individual parts Femur: Nonhuman - Head is not projecting Human—Head is elongated Pelvis: Non-Human —Elongated Human—Short and broad Metatarsal Non-Human: 2-3, fused together, and longer Human: Individual, shorter Skull Human: Shorter dentition Non: Longer and pointy dentition.

7. Byers chapter 3: 1. If a fragment of a jaw that has long and pointy teeth is brought to you for analysis, on what basis would you determine its medicolegal significance? The jaw is most likely from a carnivore, thus not human. Its only medicolegal significance would be its association with human remains, if any. 2. Compare the human and nonhuman scapulae. What structure is present on the human scapula, but not on those of quadrupeds? The human scapula has the coracoid process, which is absent on many nonhumans, except for monkeys and apes. This is because of its role in making the shoulder flexible (e.g., the human arm can be moved in all directions while those of nonhumans can only be moved forward and backward) 3. A body dressed in 19th-century clothing is discovered in a decaying wooden coffin. The skeleton is held together by a small amount of desiccated soft tissue. Determine the medico legal significance of this find and state the reasoning behind your assessment. The characteristics indicate a mixture of contemporary and noncontemporary characteristics. However, the burial in nineteenth-century clothing is a "key" trait; since few people would bury an individual in clothing that is not contemporary to their time, the presence of such garments indicates noncontemporary. Thus, this body probably is not of medicolegal significance. 4. A grave is uncovered that contains three bodies; two lie next to each other in an extended position, while the third lies at an angle across the top of them. From this information alone, is it possible to determine the medicolegal significance of these remains, and what is the reason for your decision? This information indicates cause for further investigation since there are no burial rites in developed countries that involve the laying of a body across two others.

Finger Prints: A. What are Fingerprints? Fingerprints are formed beginning at the 10th week of gestation. Is an Individual characteristic and have ridge patterns that allow them to be systematically identified. B. What are the different classes/ types of fingerprints? Arches, Loops, and Whorls. C. Can you change your fingerprints? Explain Fingerprints cannot be changed because of burns, bruises and cuts D. What are latent fingerprint? These are hidden prints that are left by the oils secreted by our hands and are generally not visible. E. How are roll prints (created by ink) different from latent prints? Ink: Are more visible and are easily identifiable and read. Latent prints: are harder to life and analyze due to some features not present. F. What are some methods used to identify and analyzed fingerprints? – Superglue fuming – Laser applications – Unique powders Three fingerprint classes G. What is Dactyloscopy? The study of fingerprint identification by Police Investigators H. What is dactylograms? This is known as fingerprints Blood: Please focus on these questions: 1. What is serology? Term used to describe a broad range of laboratory test using reactions of blood serum and body fluid 2. Know these definition: what is an Antigen Antibody Agglutination 3. What is Blood and what is it made up of? Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Plasma, and Platelets 4. What is the ABO Blood Group? Based on having A, B, both or no antigens or red blood cells 5. What is the Rhesus or Rh factor? Positive if present negative if not present 5. When is blood type establish? Before you are born 6. What are the different blood spatter analysis? Passive- stains include drops, flows and pools and typically result from gravity acting on an injured body Transfer – wet, blooded object contacts a secondary surface hand, fingers, shoes weapon hair onto the wall or ceiling Project – 9. Know the difference between animal and human blood microscopically

The color, pattern and shapes in animals and humans is different Human blood is more dense, circular and brighter at times Documentary on Blunt force Trauma link: 1. How is trauma determined through bone analysis? You can determine it by the markings on the bones (cuts and breaks) Type of weapon used 2. How can historical and modern records help us to piece together the stories of individuals? Medical and dental records/ Historic records of first-hand accounts DNA samples and blood samples 3. What can dentition tell us? Age and diet program Dental record (braces, potential work done and what they ate) 3. How can you tell the age, race, and sex determination of a bone? We can tell the age through bone fusion rates We can tell race by skull density and shape We can tell sex by pelvic bone structure and bone density 4. What are some of the trauma seen on the bones? We saw holes and amputation markings in the bones We saw scalping and cuts in the lower spine and pelvic bones What steps are required before the search for a missing veteran occurs? Detailed records of what occurred on the day Taking records and statements from witnesses Creating a Mock scenario of the day and what happened 5. What are the requirements to extract DNA from a sample? You need a 5 millimeter of the sample Photograph and cartograph the sample You need to clean the sample Then crush sample to a fine powder A chemical is added to powder Loaded onto a graph and compared to the deceased/missing Forensic Botany and Toxicology: 1. What is Forensic Botany? Forensic botany is the use of plants and natural materials in the areas of a crime to help solve the crime 2. What is Dendrochronology and how can it be helpful in solving crimes? A method used to determine the age of a tree by using its growth rings 3. Why is knowing the different habitats that plants critical in forensic botany? You can then understand its primary starting point and distinguish if the body may have been moved or where they may have come in contact with it 4. What are the two types of plants? Gymnosperms – flower plants that can reproduce asexually – alone (no fe/male) Angiosperms – flowering plants that reproduce with both male and female plant Toxicology:

1. What is Toxicology? The study if the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on a living organism 2. Define Toxicologists? 3. Define Intoxicant and Poison? Intoxicant such as Recording crime scene: 1. What are the two types of of plan needed for examining a scene? Two types: a. location of remains known: only recovery plan needed b. b. location of remains unknown: both search and recovery plans needed 2. Why is it necessary to take notes and record the evidence within a crime scene? 3. What are the four types of crime search patterns used in CSI? Grids Spiral zones or Quadrants Linear 4. What are the roles of CSI? At the scene of the crime or incident Of the final presentation of physical evidence at court 5. What are the three issues we encounter when examining human remains (slide 2) Examination of scenes Recovery of remains and materials Documentation of ======= Eyewitness 1. What is observation? Information from our senses, what we pay attention to, perception and how this information is process and store within our short term and long-term memory. 2. What may influence your observation skills? Emotional states • • Whether you are alone or with a group of people • The number of people and/or animals in the area • The type of activity that is going on around you • How much activity is occurring around you 3. What are some factors that may hinder your ability be a good eyewitness? • Emotional states • Whether you are alone or with a group of people • The number of people and/or animals in the area • The type of activity that is going on around you • How much activity is occurring around you • Drug use • Age • Other eyewitness • Stress levels 4. Eyewitness accounts of crime scene-events vary considerably based on what factors?

• Prejudices • Personal beliefs • Motives • Any lapse in time since the event 5. Is eyewitness account accurate or not, please be able to explain this in detail. 6. As a forensic investigator how should you conduct your observations?  Observe systematically  Turn off filters  Avoid jumping to conclusions  Compensate for faulty memories by using photos 6. What characteristics must forensic investigator have? observe, interpret, and report. Human Bones What can bones tell us? Bones can tell us the age, sex, cause of death, trauma, life history of health and disease and cultural modifications such as braces and hip replacements What is osteoclast, Osteoblast, and Osteocytes? Osteocytes (Mature Bone Cells) - Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix Osteoclasts (Bone Destroyer) - Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes Osteoblasts (Bone forming Cells and immature) - Immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds What are the different types of bones? Ex.  Long bones: Typically longer than wide , Have a shaft with heads at one end and Contain mostly compact bone. Ex. Femur, humerus, radius and Ulna  Short bones: Generally cube-shape and Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals  Flat bones: Thin and flattened usually curved, and thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, and sternum.  Irregular bones: Irregular shape and do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip Scapula: What bones articulate with this scapula: Makes up the Pectoral Girdle and articulates with the humerus at the proximal end and the Clavicle Scapula Shape: Broad, flat triangles Clavicle Shape: Long, S-shaped bone Humerus Shape: Long bone with a shaft and a ball joint at the proximal end. Radius Shape: long bone with a rounded head Ulna Shape: long bone with a hook shape head Pelvis and lower limb 1. How many bones make up the Pelvis? (3: ilium, Acetabulum and Ischium) 2. What bone does the pelvis articulate with? (Sacrum and Femur) 3. What can we determine from the pelvis?Age and Sex of the individual 4. What is two differences between a male vs a female pelvis?

Male: small inlet, robust overall shape, smaller sciatic notch Female: larger inlet, smaller in overall shape, larger sciatic notch 5. What bone does the sacrum articulates with? (Pelvis and Vertebrae) 6. How can we determine male vs female using the sacrum? Male: Long and narrow in shape Female: Shorter and wider in shape 7. What bones does the femur articulates with? (Pelvis, Tibia, Fibula) 8. What can we determine from the femur? Sex, Age and stature 9. What bones does the Tibia articulates with? (Femur at the proximal end, Fibula at the proximal and distal ends). 10. What can we determine from the Tibia and fibula? Age and stature 11. Can the femur be used to determine male vs female? How? - The femoral angle is less in male vs female - Head of the femur in males are larger than in females 12. What does the term sexual dimorphism mean? Distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal and humans in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves. Mass Graves: 1. What is a mass grave? A mass grave is a large number of victims or bodies buried in one place (can be result of war, genocide or sickness) 2. How can historical records help us to understand mass burials? are there limitations? (Readings vs documentary) It can help us understand and locate historical events through first hand accounts and how secrets are revealed. 3. Are there benefits of using historical records to enhance the narrative of mass graves? (Readings vs documentary) There are benefits to it that they help located and understand the events that may not have been accurately accounted. 4. Are these historical records accurate and can they distort the narrative of mass graves? (Readings vs documentary) Historical records aren’t always 100% accurate and can’t be relied on solely. We also need to depend on DNA findings, bone markings and crime scene evidence...