Final Exam Revision and Case Study Questions with Answers PDF

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THS3TPP

Thu H.A Nguyen

17493225

Tourism Policy Planning THS3TPP ***

Topic 2: What are policy and planning 1. What is policy? Is it always overtly stated? - A purposeful, goal oriented behavior that is formulated and implemented to deal with a public problem. - Policy is whatever governments do as well as everything they choose not to do. - Policy is not always overtly stated because it can be published, written, unsaid or implied. - Policy can be carefully considered and planned or ad hoc and formulated “on the run”. 2.   1)  2) 

What are the main approaches to planning? Why is planning important? Planning: Planning is the process of “deciding’ Planning is a process of thought and action Planning is a resource for democratic and informed decision making Planning involves bargaining, negotiation, compromise, coercion and politics. 5 approaches to Planning: Boosterism, Economic, Physical/Spatial, Community, and Sustainable. Boosterism: Tourism is inherently good. Tourism should be developed. Exploitation of cultural and natural resources. Industry is the expert. Development defined within business parameters. Boosterism techniques: Promotion Public relations Growth targets Economic: Tourism is equal to other industries. Concentrates on employment, foreign exchange earnings, trade balance, regional development etc. Planner has expertise. Development defined by economic parameters Economic techniques:

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3)  4)  5)  -

Thu H.A Nguyen

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Supply and Demand modelling Cost-benefit analysis Marketing Development incentives Market segmentation Physical/Spatial Approach: Tourism consumes resources Ecological basis for development Tourism is a spatial phenomenon Environmental conservation Development defined in environmental terms Biodiversity Physical/Spatial – techniques Ecological studies Environmental impact assessments Regional planning Perceptual studies Community Need for local control Balanced development Search for alternative to mass tourism Planner is a facilitator rather than an expert. Development defined in socio-cultural terms Community Approach – techniques Community development Awareness and education Attitudinal surveys Social impact assessments Sustainable Tourism Approach (Looking at triple bottom line) Integrated approach includes economic, environmental and socio-cultural elements Tourism planning integrated with other planning Inter-generational equity International equity Planning and implementation inseparable Recognition of political dimension of tourism Sustainable Planning – techniques Strategic planning Raising awareness (producers and consumers) Stakeholder input Stakeholder audit

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Policy analysis Evaluative research Environmental analysis Interpretation Planning is important because: Planning allows goals to be identified and set Planning can serve specific interests Planning allows economic benefits to be realized/maximized Planning can promote orderly development Planning can protect social and environmental values

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Which political systems might be best at long-term planning? Centralised systems might be best at long-term planning Communist system Western democracy is the systems that is hard to use

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4. Why do Stevens et al. believe that studying the process of planning gives limited insight into how tourism policy is actually developed and implemented? - Stevens et al. believe that studying the process of planning gives limited insight into how tourism policy is actually developed and implemented because:  Planning is a big issue.  It is difficult to implement the plan, as well as to understand who is really making decisions. Stevens et al. suggests the answer might lie in how individuals interact and work together. Or, how stakeholders might give much better insights into how people exert power and have more capacity to explain what happens in practice than the study of the more tangible processes and techniques involved in preparing a plan  Leeds Case study: - Leeds is the largest centre of economic activity in the North of England, the Local Authority, Leeds City Council, sought to diversify the City’s employment base including the development and promotion of its image as a destination. The area was identified as a city in a “difficult area” to develop tourism. - ‘Vision fir Leeds’ sets out the strategic direction of the LA. Tourism objectives are also delivered through a wide range of policies and plans outside the visioning process. However, there is a lack of clarity about role and remit of tourism services and it is difficult to separate them from other LA activities.  Low status: the provision of tourism policies and services is a discretionary activity for the Local Authority which contributes to its low status and minimal budget.

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Thu H.A Nguyen

17493225

 Lack of clarity: there is a lack of clarity in Leeds about the role of the Local Authority in developing and delivering tourism policy and about how it should fit with other priorities. This is strongly linked with its low status and the under representation of tourism interests in the most influential decision making groups (e. g: the Manager is not involved in the group overseeing the implementation of the Cultural Strategy).  Uncertainty: In Leads there is uncertainty in the context of rapid change in the local and regional environment. In this context they can only deliver services on a short term, reactive basis and strategic or long term thinking is in abeyance until decisions are made at a higher level.  Lack of consensus: The interviews in Leads illustrate the lack of consensus around the development and delivery of policy, drawing attention to shifts in power and the implications of lack of power in the process.  Lack of congruence: in Leeds, there is evidence of more enthusiasm at the local level for the City Region and less for sub regional delivery structures. At the local level there is also a lack of congruence between the organizational structure and the policy hierarchy for tourism.  Complexity: Leeds is characterized by complexity at all levels: local level (illustrated by the variety of departments and organizations), and regional level (there is complexity arising from the changes in delivery structures, policies and plans – rapid change). 5. What is the “neoliberal new right” movement? - Neo-liberalism (New Right) is the combined laissez faire philosophies of Milton Friedman and Peter Bauer. It consists essentially of the notion that governments should only be involved in:  Defence  Law & order  Public works that the private sector is unwilling to invest in  Protection of society from irresponsible individuals  Health & education  Management of the monetary and fiscal system - Neo liberalism today:  Conservative parties tend to be aligned to the new right  “Drys” are neo-liberal, “Wets” favour more government involvement.  Privatisation and private/public partnerships have resulted from the New Right influences in politics on both conservative and left wing sides.  Despite neo-liberal influences, there is considerable regulation and governance in tourism at all levels.

THS3TPP

Thu H.A Nguyen

17493225

Topic 3: Ethics and Tourism 1. Do Western ethics apply to all cultures and can we reach a set of universal ethics? - Ethics: Ethics are the moral principles that guide a person’s or group’s behavior.  Ethics can be expressed as a code.  Ethics reflect the values held by a society or individual.  Synonyms are: morality, virtue, integrity, standards and decency.  Ethics are usually regarded as secular but they serve the same purpose as religious morality. - Some basic principles can be applied (e. g: attitudes toward human rights). - However, it is hard to reach a set of universal. Although increasingly the Western ethical foundations are becoming the international norm, there is no universally accepted ethical framework to all cultures. For example, religious belief/religious based – different religious beliefs bring different values (Muslims vs Christians) 2. To what extent does tourism impose Western ethics on other cultures? - It might not be possible to impose a particular ethical framework upon every community. 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using codes of ethics/behavior in tourism?  Advantages: - Teleological ethics codes:  Forces the practitioner to think about why a particular action is unethical  Can educate people about ethics - Deontological codes:  Simple and do not require thought or understanding from those expected to follow them  Are more easily applied to a broad audience (e. g: UNWTO code needs to be universally applicable)  Disadvantages: - Teleological ethics codes:  Are more complex and difficult to write  It is impossible to align to everybody’s core values - Deontological:  Do not encourage people to think about their actions  Are less likely to be followed than teleological codes  Do little to educate people 4. How do ethics relate to sustainability?

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Thu H.A Nguyen

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Sustainability has been the primary framework of ethics in tourism studies. Sustainability is particularly intergenerational, and reserves the benefits for the future generations without compromising. Ethics relate to sustainability as attack sustainability is attack ethics itself.

5. What are the main issues and components in the WTO Ethics Code? Are there any other ethical issues facing the tourism industry? - The Code’s 10 principles cover the economic, social, cultural and environmental components of travel and tourism:  Mutual understanding and respect  Individual and collective fulfilment  Sustainable development  Cultural heritage  Mutual benefit  Stakeholder obligations  The universal right to travel  Liberty of movement  Worker’s and entrepreneurs’ right  The implementation of the code itself - There are some other issues facing the tourism industry  Sex Tourism: sexually exploitative tourism occurs including prostitution and paedophilia (e. g: is it right/ethical to punish the prostitutes but not the customers – as some prostitutes are poverty-based)  Poverty Tourism: pro-poor tourism and slum tourism  Nature-based tourism: potential damage to the environment, hunting tourism  Kickbacks and tour operator exploitation: Chinese tour groups in Australia, tour operators in Kenya. - Tourism policy needs to account for the ethics of the society in which tourism occurs as well as the ethics of the society providing the tourist.

 Case Study of the Waridi School - The school was created by a Kenyan man to provide a home and school for street children and AIDS orphans. - As a Kenyan initiative, the project is regarded as an indigenous rather than foreign charity. The project grew rapidly. - The project’s visitor program demonstrated the negative sides of  Volunteer tourism, as it is described as being motivated by entertainment, selfinterest and superficial contact with locals.  Financial misconduct: donations to the school had been unclear

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Thu H.A Nguyen

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 Unethical conduct by the owners and managers of the school - Sexual and physical assault: sex between school staff and students  Unethical behavior by visitors

Topic 4: Pro Poor Tourism 1. What is Pro-Poor Tourism? - Pro-poor tourism is originally defined as tourism that generates net benefits (income) for the poor. - The term ‘pro-poor tourism’ has changed. It tries to achieve: access to new technologies, a sustainable environment, education, health and nutrition, personal empowerment to provide freedom from exploitation and torment, and community empowerment to engage with the wider world. 2. In what sense is the term pejorative? - The term pro-poor tourism is considered pejorative by some and potentially alienates tourism stakeholders, including investors and tourists.  Pacific Islander Poverty. - Some people that are classified as poor, do not regard themselves as poor. Pacific Islanders did not regard themselves as poor despite their low incomes. So they tend not to relate to the term ‘poverty’. They rejected the term ‘poor’. In this case, the term ‘pro-poor tourism’ is considered pejorative.  Pro-poor/Anti-poverty tourism (APT): - Those without resources and training include women, minority groups and indigenous people. They become profoundly impoverished. 3. Explain the dichotomy between a neoliberal development approach and a Marxist/feminist development approach.  Traditional Development Approach (Neoliberal Development Approach): - Tourism to be pro-poor if it brings benefits of any kind or level to the poor. - Pro-poor tourism is required to bring net benefits to the poor. - Rely on trickle down benefits. (Measures income) - Measures poverty by head counts  Marxist/Feminist Approach: - Pro-poor tourism must provide most benefits to the most impoverished, thereby creating a trickle up economic effect/trickle up benefits. (engage the poor in the economy, Kenya as an example) - Must also involve empowerment. - Measures poverty by Wealth gaps, living Wages and freedom/power.

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Thu H.A Nguyen

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The Marxist paradigm recognizes the need to empower and to ensure all groups in society have equal rights and freedoms.

4. What factors limit pro poor tourism impacts? - There was a largely unrealised potential to utilise hidden tourism attractions such as local culture, sightseeing opportunities and authentic experiences of poverty. - There appeared to be few negative impacts (low volume, limited community interaction) - Lack of interaction with locals did create some negative feelings in the community. - Voluntourism may not work so well. Government policy towards poverty alleviation (poverty reduction strategy/pro-poor strategy). - The site visit (such as schools, orphanages…) became a niche tourism enclave, reversing the usual enclave/periphery relationship. - Pro-poor tourism is sustainable when poverty remains. If the beneficiaries of propoor tourism were to lift themselves out of poverty the attractiveness to tourists is lost. 5. What are the conflicting ethical positions for sustainable pro-poor tourism? - Voluntourism  Ostensibly a form of responsible tourism, voluntourism has arguably become a product that sells poverty  It can be a very useful tool in poverty alleviation or an exploitative tourism form  Motivations of tourists are: philanthropic and self-interested (e. g: improved CV, entertainment, superficial contact with locals, and boasting rights). o Self-interested: People go for the wrong reasons/wrong purposes. - Orphanage tourism in Southeast Asia/Cambodia  A mix of philanthropic and voluntourism  Whole industry developed around visits to orphanages  However, there is a conflicting ethical position if kids purchased from parents to create a product. Orphanage owners collect money from tourists.  Money going into pockets of orphanage owners, not orphanage people  No checks on tourists, reports of paedophilia.  Children become emotionally attached to tourists - Slum tourism  Lack of interaction with locals did create some negative feelings in the community.  Requires ongoing poverty to be sustainable.

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Thu H.A Nguyen

17493225

6. Can tourism provide significant benefits for the poor? - Tourism can provide significant benefits to the poor. - Pro-poor tourism arises from a belief that tourism can and should contribute to propoor economic growth. Pro-poor growth is ‘growth that enables the poor to actively participate in and significantly benefit from economic activity’ Tourism provides employment and the source of income Tourism can educate through social exchange of visitors and locals Projects like school can provide education and hospitals can provide health care for the poor.  Tourism can bring to the poor not only the income but also it helps sustainability of the environment, education and technology. Tourism will create the opportunities and let the benefits lead to the poor. However, tourism can cause environmental, socio-economic and cultural damage in some cases.   

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Topic 6: Influencing public policy: Community Groups, Criminals and Policy makers. 1. How can individuals or organisations get their issues onto the public agenda? - Individuals or organisations get their issues onto the public agenda by protesting, lobby, court, legal action, publicity, and media (including social media). - All members have the opportunity to influence government policy. Influence can occur through:  Exercising the right to vote  Protesting  Seeking publicity for a cause  Lobbying politicians  Bribery, blackmail and corruption  Taking legal action against the government 2. -

Is lobbying the solution to corruption? Lobbying has been suggested as the answer to corruption. Lobbying gives all members of society (theoretically) equal access to politicians Lobbying allows people and corporations to make a case directly to a politician without having to rely on bribery and other forms of corruption Lobbying is more common in the developed world while corruption prevails in the developing world.

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Thu H.A Nguyen

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Lobbying can best be done by larger, organized groups E. g: Great Barrier Reef (Australian for Animals inc.) International organisations can also be lobbied

3. Does lobbying carry with it dangers to democracy and good policy formation or is it just one element of the complex policy field? - Lobbying is quite democratic, as it is an essential part of the democracy. It is transparent, balanced and independent from wealth. 4. -

Which groups (stakeholders) might be involved in lobbying or protesting? Firms Professional organisations Community groups Conservationists groups Corporations Common interest groups (ACTU – Australian Council of Trade Unions)

Topic 8: Community-based Tourism & power relationships 1. What are the key elements of Community-based tourism (CBT)? - Local community  Usually refers to a rural or small town community or residents - Urban vs. rural  Largely a political definition with reference to services such as Internet, medical etc. - Indigenous communities - Authoritative communities  Based on strong extended families - Families of tourists as a community  Family tourism is common and such groups form communities  Community Tourism - Tourism in which local residents are active participants as land managers/users, entrepreneurs, employees, decision makers, conservators. - An industry that commodifies communities as a saleable resource, thereby affecting the lives of the community. - Tourism that shifts the focus from the tourist to the community.  Community-Based Tourism (CBT) - Community tourism commodifies communities.  Slum tourism might be regarded as community tourism.

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Thu H.A Nguyen

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CBT is about assisting the communities in the development of economic, social and environmental wellbeing, rather than utilizing them

2. What are CAMPFIRE & CBNRM? How do they increase community involvement?  CBNRM : - Community Based Natural Resources Management scheme places control of wildlife and village resources under local control - CBNRM aims to conserve natural resources and protect biodiversity while improving rural livelihoods and reducing poverty.  Based on the CAMPFIRE scheme in Zimbabwe (Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources). - CBNRM increase community involvement by:  Decentralization of decision-making to the community  Acquisition of Managerial Skills  Homogeneity of the Group  Allocation of ben...