Final for Social Aspects of Aging PDF

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Final for Social Aspects of Aging According to the text, how do most seniors view their deaths?: as a distant event Which of the following individuals exemplifies the concept of social death: mary, who is 69 and has dementia In the ancient past, how did people perceive death and dying?: as a mysterious transition Death in Canada today most often takes place in which of the following locations: in hospital or nursing home Which of the following is considered as a disease of older age?: pneumonia Which of the following disease caused 23% of all Canadians deaths: heart disease Which type of stress has an especially strong effect on older women?: psychological stress According to the national population health survey which of the following items increases the risk of death: functional limitation Today most people die of which of the following: chronic illness Which of the following is true according to disengagement theory: an awareness of death causes people to ease their way out of social life, it focuses on the social effects of dying and says little about how older people feel about it Eriksons theory of ego development says that, in the last stage of life, a person reviews his/her life ties up loose ends and prepares for death. What does Erikson call this process: ego integrity In the last part of the last stage of Eriksons theory of ego development the person experience which of the following: a deep concern for others and for the culture they will be leaving, thereby achieving ego transcendence Your aunt Grace has just learned that she has breast cancer, and she is in a state of denial. Which stage number is denial within Kubler-Ross’s death and dying model?: First Which stage of Kubler-Ross’s death and dying model involves anger directed at the doctor a spouse or even God: Second What are the two aspects of the depression phase of death and dying: mourning present losses and mourning future losses What is the final stage of death and dying according to Kubler Ross: Acceptance Which trait is common to all five stages of Kubler-Ross’s stage theory of death and dying: hope Which of the following terms defines the typical public social conventions that occur after an individual passes away: mourning Your great Aunt Beverly’s husband lives in a nursing home after he had a stroke. He has dementia and needs continuous care. She is saddened to be alone in her home and she grieves for her husband as he

used to be. She is also sorrowful, in expectation of his impending physical death. What type of grief is your great Aunt Beverly experiencing?: anticipatory grief A living will sets out which of the following?: the ill persons right to his/her wishes at the end of life Mobility is important for: independence, quality of life, avoidance of loneliness and essential for accessing services Mobility definition: physical ability to move around or traveling Factors that influence mobility: finances, psychosocial, environment, physical, cognitive, gender, culture Transportation is most often: driving or passenger then public transport or active transportation Older Women are _______ likely to have their license: less Why are older women less likely to have their license?: financial, masculinity or vision impairments Outside of urban centres, the reasons given for not using accessible transit illustrates: the lack of such service Active drivers: refers to those holding an active Manitoba’s drivers license, it does not indicate whether an individual actually drives. There are many reasons a driver may be suspended such as driving violations, medical conditions, administrative suspensions and others Reasons why a driver may have their license suspended: driving violations, medical conditions, administrative suspensions and others Human Conditions: a category of contributing factors attributed to the physical or mental condition of a driver immediately prior to a collision, most often that limit the driver’s ability to drive safely or properly Examples of human conditions: fatigue, blacking out, defective eyesight, mental disability or mental confusion CanDrive and designing roadways for the aging population: roadways need to accommodate those with declining vision, slowed decision-making and reaction time, as well difficulties in dividing attention Motorized mobility aids: the highway traffic act defines these as a device which is specifically manufactured or modified for operation by a physically handicapped person which has a max speed of 15km/h, max width of 81.2 cm and a max mass of 226 kg Rules of use of a motorized mobility aid: operate on sidewalks, exception if sidewalk is not available then travel on left edge of the roadway and face traffic, use turn signals on the roadway, ride single file in a group, follow the safety tips for on foot pedestrians Motorized mobility aids are different from vehicles because they do not require: registration, insurance lights or mirrors The five A’s of Senior Friendly transportation: Availability, acceptability, accessibility, adaptability and affordability Availability: this alone is not the solution to transportation challenges for older adults

Acceptability: suggests senior passenger criteria of comfort and convenience of service Accessibility: means the passengers must be able to access the vehicle and the service Adaptability: calls for the service meet the assistance needs of older adults Affordability: not only aims for transportation to be affordable to passengers but also to transportation services Federal Gov and transportation: oversees transportation between provinces example-planes or trains Municipalities and transportation: control local transportation TONS: community stakeholders concerned about the inadequacies of transportation options for older adults, range of activities, projects, programs and research has developed a greater understanding of the issues related to providing adequate transportation for older population of Manitoba TONS mission: to inform and educate Manitobans on transportation options that enhance quality of life and promote age friendly communities TONS community outreach: developing and enhancing relationships with current transportation providers in the public and private sector as well as distributing research results and recommendations TONS and Education/Awareness: increasing the awareness of public and private transportation options as well as providing current and relevant information via our website and newsletter TONS and rural transportation: development of a stakeholder network, the creation of comprehensive inventory of mobility resources and the integration and coordination of transportation services in rural Manitoba Winnipeg Transit plus: provides door to door transportation for people who are unable to regularly use the City’s fixed route transit system Eligibility criteria for Winnipeg transit plus: use of a wheelchair or scooter, unable to walk 175 m, has 20/200 vision or less (legally blind), alzheimers or dementia and dialysis treatment Outside of urban centres, the reasons most often given for not using accessible transit services is: services are not offered in their area Active Drivers refer to: those holding an active license of any class. It does not indicated whether an individual actually drives Under the highway traffic act, mobility aid users must: if riding in a group, travel in single file What is Winnipeg Transit plus?: A public transit service that provides door-to-door transportation for people who are unable to regularly use the city’s fixed route system due to mobility impairments What type of transportation do a large majority of seniors choose as their primary form of transportation?: cars Continuing care: a range of services that support the health and wellbeing of individuals living in their own home, a supportive living or long term care setting. Continuing care clients are defined by their

need for care, not by their age or diagnosis or the length of time they may require service. Serves people with chronic illnesses and functional disabilities. Also called long term care or chronic care Continuum of care: the array of services that range from institutional care to little or no institutional content. Treatment in home, community or institutions. Social and medical services, including formal services, home or institutional care and family care Residential Care: 5% of seniors live in this type of care, also called a nursing home, long term care home or old age homes, the proportion of seniors who live in institutions increases with age; nursing homes serve mostly those age 85+, funding is based on levels of care needed by residents, the poorest older people get support so they can afford nursing home care Long Term Care residents: average length of stay 2.4 years with a larger proportion of females Higher risk of institutionalization: women, very old people, people with poor social relationships, little involvement in activities cognitive impairment, poor health, recent falls or emergency visits and severe incontinence Models of quality institutional care: relationship-based care programs, ethnoculturally specific care homes, humanizing the environment: home-like elements such as Eden Alternative and village designs New Approaches to Community Care: many provinces intend to shift health services from institutions to community care, however, community still lags behind hospital bed closing, other challenges: funding, more demands due to complexity of clients needs and more stress on caregivers Community care programs: include programs in hospitals, nursing homes, doctors services and community based services such as geriatric day hospitals, adult daycare and homecare Geriatric day hospital: offers a full range of hospital services to older people who live in the community and assesses individuals needs before setting up a healthcare plan Adult daycare: provides non-institutional support for people who cannot stay in their homes without it Assisted living: housing that provides personal care services and other supports to frail seniors to help them live independently in the community, residents typically require help with activities of daily living, some evidence suggests it can reduce healthcare spending Homecare: a range of social and medial services designed to help people live independently in the community, includes medical care, housework, personal care, meal delivery. Homecare forms the most rapidly expanding sector of Canada’s healthcare system. The overwhelming majority of people would prefer to receive care at home Direct funding: provides public funds to individuals to arrange their own home care services. Sometimes a cash transfer, sometimes an allocated budget. AKA self managed care and/or family managed care Social support: the help and assistance people give one another Formal support: paid support from professional caregivers such as doctors, nurses, social workers and homecare workers Informal support: refers to unpaid help given by friends, neighbors and family

Four models describing the way people use informal supports: task specificity model, hierarchical compensatory model, functional specific or relationship model and the convoy model of support Task specificity model: contends that a different group have different abilities and offer different types of support, each playing a specific role Hierarchical compensatory model: states that people choose their supports first from their inner family circle and then move outward to get support from less intimate people as they need more help Functional specificity or relationship model: a family or friendship tie may provide one type of support or a broad range of support, depending on the particular relationship between the caregiver and the care receiver Convoy model of support: social support as a network of close family and friends who travel together throughout life, exchanging social support and assistance Caregiver burden: problems and stress due to caregiving; the more impaired the family member, the greater the risk of caregiver burden Quasi widowhood: describes married individuals who feel widowed because their spouse lives apart in a long term setting Long distance caregivers: caregivers who live at a significant distance from the care recipient Fictive kin: the close relationships that an older person develops with non-relatives such as friends, neighbours, and homecare workers Social support: the exchange of resources, giving and receiving physical, social and emotional help Social ties and health: access to resources, material goods and social support, psychosocial attachment, trust/reciprocity, normative influence, group activities , these all influence psychological states, shape behaviour, mitigate physiological stress responses In general people with small and close knit networks are; slower to go to the hospital following a stroke Home care in Canada is built on expectation that it will supplement but: not replace informal care. Formal services can provide relief and respite, formal services also come with challenges Developmental stake or generational stake: the idea that compared with their children, older people have a greater investment in the relationship with their children Long distance caregivers: live a significant distance from the care recipient What is continuum of care?: the array of services that range from institutional care to little or no institutional contact What are some demographic trends of people who live in residential care?: most residents are over the age of 85, with multiple conditions, especially cognitive impairment Directly-funded home care: is a niche policy option used by a small percentage of home care clients

An adult soon is not willing to help his mother with grooming or other personal care. Which model of informal support use would be best to help explain this?: functional specificity of relationships model Social support is defined as: the exchange of resources; giving and receiving physical, social and emotional help Why is the health of the caregiver so important to the care receiver for older couples: caregiver stress, illness and exhaustion can cause crisis for both parties Life course capital or social capital: the amount of resources available to a person, including social support, this differ throughout time and from person to person Seniors age 65 and over spend: the most hours giving care, caring for a spouse and senior caregivers may feel especially strained by caregiving since some have health and mobility limitations Informal caregivers provide: about 2/3s of all care Children as a source of informal support: daughters more than sons tend to serve in the caregiving role, married sons and daughters are less likely than their single or divorced counterparts to stay in touch, adult children provide the least amount of support to divorced fathers Generational stake theory: looks at how the generations provide support for one another and negotiate family solidarity Generational ambivalence: focuses on the potential for conflict and estrangement between parents and adult children. This approach sees parent adult child relations as a simultaneous mix of positive and negative emotions. Feeling developed at an earlier time can influence relationships many years later. Those who have chosen to remain childless report: high life satisfaction and happiness, they create a network of supportive family and friends, they also have more income and more wealth, they do however face a greater risk of institutionalization Friends support a person’s: self worth, friends have this effect because the older person chooses friendship ties voluntarily, they tend to have a greater effect on feeling happy and having a positive outlook Compared with older women, older men more often get: care from a spouse Long-Term Institutional care: typically house people age 85 and older. Most of these residents have dementia and can no longer live on their own The Canada health act: does not include all nursing home care costs in its definition of covered services, so older people have to cover all or part of the cost themselves Romanow Report: The 2002 Canadian federal government report of the Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada, led by Roy Romanow; the report underscores Canada’s commitment to its healthcare system and makes several proposals for improving the delivery of healthcare to seniors Community care access centres: Ontario's system of community care centres that provide a single point of entry into the healthcare system and services such as in-home care, physiotherapy, and dietetic services

Continuum of care: the array of services that range from institutional care to little or no institutional contact Geriatric day hospitals: a hospital program that offers a full range of hospital services to older people who live in the community and that assesses individuals’ needs before setting up a healthcare plan adult daycare programs: provide non-institutional support for people who cannot stay in their homes without it assisted living housing that provides personal care services and other supports to frail seniors to help them live independently in the community home care: a range of social and medical services designed to help people live independently in the community What do older adults get out of leisure?: pleasure, achievement, activity and satisfaction Abuse of older adults: single or repeated act or lack of appropriate action occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person Less than ____ of cases of abuse against older adults get reported to authorities: less than 1/3 ____ Canadian older adults have experienced abuse: 8.5% Ageism and underreporting: helps explain and better understand the context influencing underreporting of abuse of older adults. Ageism influences the way human rights and citizenship are articulated for older people. Study on underreporting: did an environmental scan just to see resources available for older adults Importance of relationships in underreporting: people do not want to blame their caregivers for abuse because it is often a kinship tie Barriers to reporting abuse: difficulty in naming abuse, fear of negative consequences for the abuser, belief that abuse was not the perpetrators fault, not wanting law enforcement involved Service providers and underreporting: mandatory reporting does not ensure the safety of the victim, service providers lack appropriate training and resources Recommendations for underreporting: awareness, safe spaces, access to counselling, funding opportunities , harm reduction by creating strategies and data collection to investigate the abuse Abuse: any action or inaction by any person which causes harm to older or vulnerable person Mistreatment of older persons includes: physical abuse, psychological abuse, financial abuse, neglect, institutional abuse and domestic violence Active neglect: purposeful, systematic with some understanding that the action or inaction being taken will cause harm to the older adult Passive neglect: not purposeful, might be systematic with little understanding that the action or inaction will cause harm to the older adult

Most abuse against older persons comes from: family members Neglect can arise from: unresolved conflict in family Figures probably _____________ the extent of violence against seniors: underestimate Abuse against older persons fits into a larger societal pattern of: ageism and the devaluation of older people Institutional mistreatment: involves inadequate care and nutrition, low standards of nursing care, inappropriate and aggressive staff client interactions or substandard, overcrowded or unsanitary living environments Residents are vulnerable because of: isolation, dependence, personal care home models of care, living with dementia and displaying responsive behaviours Responsive behaviours: occur with some older adults who are living with dementia, associated with difficulties in communication related to dementia and other illnesses, associated with triggers or cues Triggers or cues for responsive behaviours: unmet needs, impersonal care, environmental stress, visual errors and past trauma Examples ...