Final Notes - Prof Steven Brunner PDF

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Prof Steven Brunner...

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Lecture 10 Intimacy - totally transport, emotionally exposed/naked, see the person's heart, into-me-c Some (+) behaviors could be interpreted (-) under different circumstances Nonverbal signals of love ● 60 dating couples ○ Discussions - recorded ○ Self-reports of love correlated with ■ Loved more affirmative head nods ■ Loved More duchenne smiles ■ Love more forward lean ■ Love more hand gestures Gaze and Intimacy ● How does gazing influence our intimacy ratings ○ 96 participants and 72 participants ○ Multiple “gaze” conditions ● People who engaged in mutual eye gaze reported more intimacy compared to those who did not engage in mutual eye gaze Pitch and romantic relationships ● Method ○ Place a call to a close sam-sex friend and a romatic partner ■ 2 Q’s: ● How are you ● What are you doing ○ Men raised pitch when talking to a romantic partner vs a friend ○ Women lowered pitch when talking to a romantic partner vs a friend ○ People may have different vocal profiles with romantic partner vs a friend Gesture and Intimacy ● In positive, friendly interactions, people exhibit more object focused gestures and fewer body focused gestures ○ Illustrators Posture and Intimacy ● More forward lean ● Direct shoulder/body orientation ● Greater postural mimicry Smiles and Intimacy ● Not very reliable ● Display rules Romantic Display rules ● Male heterosexual subjects watched three videos ● Thought they were being observed by an attractive or unattractive female research assistant ● “Attractive observer” - frowned less while watching horror film

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“Attractive observer” - smiled more while watching infant film Impression management via facial expressions ○ Male would frown less because they want to communicate that they are tougher ○ Smiled more that they are kid friendly ○ Influence the relationship potential - look more attractive Space and intimacy ● Intimate space 0-18’ ● Coupled with direct body orientation Touch and Intimacy ● More touch (especially in middle stages of close relationships) Decoding of nonverbal behavior and intimacy ● Shrout & fiske (1981) coded behaviors in interactions ● Speakers were rated on socially desirable traits/social attraction ● Which nonverbal behaviors were associated with higher judgments of social desirability/more attraction? ○ More head nods ○ Longer smile duration ○ More frequent filled pauses ○ Longer gaze duration ○ More short back channels ■ Uh huh yup

Decoding touch and intimacy ● Touch to face = most affection, attraction and love ● Touch to waist show high romantic attraction ○ ...but most indicative of harassment Relationship closeness and decoding nonverbal behaviors

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Close friends are better decoders of each other’s nonverbals than strangers are Acquaintances are better than close friends decoding partner’s negative affect when partners attempt to conceal their negative emotions

Lecture 11 Regulators Turn taking factoids ● 50% of all turns that occur in conversations are smooth ○ A “smooth turn transition” occurs when the floor switches from person A to person B without a perceptible pause ○ These turns transitions occur in less than 250 ms Cognitive Multitasking ● Floor switches are fast ● People must be anticipating and predicting the end of a speakers turn ● Listeners plan their utterances while still listening to the speaker's utterance Simultaneous turns vs simultaneous talks ● Simultaneous turns both participants claim the same speaking term at the same time ○ Interruptions, trying to take the floor from you ● Simultaneous talk make utterances but not trying to take the floor ○ Reacting to something to say “wow that's awesome” but not trying to take the talking floor; The turn taking system ● Speaker behaviors ○ Turn yielding cues ○ Turn holding cues ● Listener behaviors ○ Back channel communication ○ Turn requesting cues Turn yielding cues - giving someone else the floor ● Change in intonation (drop or rise) ● Sociocentric sequence ○ Culturally specific phrase at the end of the speaker turn ■ E.g. ya know? But uh? Or something? And so on? ● Canadians: aye ● Drawl ○ Stretch out the last or couple syllables ● Termination of gestures ● Group in loudness ● Completion of a grammatical clause Turn holding cues- denying people the floor ● Gaze without a yielding cue ● Gesture ● Gaze aversion Turn requesting cues

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back channels ○ Raising an eyebrow ○ But really just showing understanding ● Speaker directed gaze ● Audible inhalation ● Forward lean ● Gesture ● A stutter start Backchannels ● Listeners participate in conversation via back channels ● Backchannel elicited in “gaze window” ● Back channels are used to avoid taking the floor ● Back channels are also elicited ○ Sentence completions ○ Requests for clarification ○ Restatement Interruptions ● To take the floor in the absence of turn yielding cues ● Attempted vs successful interruptions Responses to interruption ● People attempt to maintain the floor after an attempted interruption by increasing loudness ● Success depends few turn yielding cues and the most turn requesting cues ● Interruptions are commonly followed by interruptions Interruptions & status perception ● People who interrupt are perceived as having higher status ● People who get interrupted rate themselves as less influential in the conversation ● Interrupters are perceived as less likeable ● Dilemma Different types of interruption ● deep/intrusive interruptions ● Support interruptions ● Gnisi et all found that disagreeing interruptions were viewed positively ● Supportive interruptions are viewed positively ● Change subject interruptions were viewed negatively ● Same subject interruptions were not viewed as obnoxious unless they were frequent ● Health care ○ Patient satisfaction is negatively associated with intrusive interruptions ○ Both positively associated with supportive interruptions from physician

Lecture 12 Deception Deception: an act intended to foster in another, a belief that the deceiver considers false Truthlessness: involves the exchange of information that is known by the communicator to be

accurate (i.e. the accurate portrayal of info as understood by the sender) Leakage cues ● Info that gives away the true information ○ Showing true emotion on the face ● The person is concealing / masking something Cue Competition ● Verbal and non verbal don't match up ○ Words don't match up with their facial expression ■ Sarcasm Detection apprehension ● Caught in a lie ○ Fearful we get caught Othello error ● Accused someone of lying when they are telling the truth ● We don't consider truthful people may be under stress and may be actually telling the truth Underlying emotional factors in deception ● Fear (detection apprehension) ● Guilt (deception guilt) ● Excitement (duping delight) ●

When lies fail it is usually due to either inadequate preparation or the interference of emotions

Four factor theory to detecting deception ● Attempted behavioral control ○ Communication is not perfect ○ If it is too smooth, no slip ups - could be a sign ● Arousal ○ Lying gives us arousal ■ Heart rate, sweat, talking fast, increasing in pitch ○ Polygraphs ● affect/emotion ○ Micro-expressions ○ Crack in the voice ○ Fear in their facial expressions ● Cognitive load/effort ○ Lying is difficult ○ Lie has to be consistent ○ Suppressing truth increases cognitive load ●

Factors give rise theoretically give rise to behavior differences that should help us distinguish what is the truth and what is a lie

Humans are poor lie detectors ● Reviewed 40 studies ● 67% accuracy rate for detecting truths ● 44% accurate rate for detecting lies ● Truth bias ○ More likely to assign someone is telling the truth ● High accuracy for truth ● ● ●

Results from 206 reports and 24,483 judges People achieve an average of 54% correct lie-truth judgments Correctly classifying 47% of lies as deceptive and 61% of truths as nondeceptive

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Reviewed 142 studies 19,801 judges of deception Mean accuracy for 54.05% for lies Mean of 55.5 % accuracy for truth judgments

Human are poor lie detectors: conclusion ● People do not do better than chance at detecting deception ● People typically report extremely high confidence in their detection ability How Good are the pros ● Students were interviewed twice by uniformed police officers ● In both interviews they denied that they had a pair of headphones ● 360 police detectives ● Accuracy rates were low ● Police performed at 60% ● Their confidence in detecting deception was high ● The correlation was r=.04 (virtually 0) ● ● ● ● ●

99 police officers Watched video clips of 14 suspects All interviews included elements of the suspects story that were true and false “Assign statement as truth or lie” Results ○ Classified lies at 66.16 ○ Classified truth statements 61.61%

Is anyone good at detecting lies? ● There is no compelling evidence that some people are good at detecting lies and others are not good at it ● The standard deviation in judges detection abilities is only 1% ● Someone at the 85th percentile of detection ability is 1% better than someone at the

16th Percentile Why are humans poor lie detectors ● Lack of motivation to catch liars ○ Ostrich effect ■ Not see that it happens ■ Ignorance is bliss ■ Continue to be happy ● Absence of pinocchio’s nose ● Countermeasures ● Embedded lies ○ Half lies ● No adequate feedback ○ Not find out if its a lie ○ WE don't remember the non verbal behavior ● Violation of conversational rules ○ Telling the truth is normal ■ Expected ● Good liars Truth bias ● People are especially likely to judge familiar vs unfamiliar persons as truthful ● My partner has been honest in the past so they should be truthful now Common error in lie detection ● Examining the wrong cues ● Overemphasis on nonverbal cues ● The orthello error ● Use of heuristics ● Neglect of interpersonal differences ● Overconfidence in lie detection skills The following significantly associated with deception ● Providing fewer details ● Making less sense ● Repetitions ● Pupil dilation ● Increased vocal pitch ● Fewer illustrators The following are NOT associated with deception ● Response duration ● Eye contact ● Speech disturbances ● Smiling

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Silent pauses Head nods Shrugs Posture shifts Speech rate foot*leg movements Self-fidgeting

Detecting deceptive community ● Microexpressions - momentary expressions of facial emotion ● Squelched almost immediately ● Provide insight into underlying emotional states

Lecture 13 Behaviors associated with the dominance function ● Persuasion ● Deception ● Impression management The dominance ratio ● % looking while speaking / % of looking while listening ○ # closer to one or greater = dominant ○ Smaller less than one = less dominant ● ROTC officers have DR = 1 ● ROTC cadets have DR < 1 ● When peoples relative status in a conversation changes their DR changes Dominance ratio and status ● Method ○ College student participants ○ Discuss 3 interpersonal dilemmas come up with solution ○ DR close to 1 when subject had high status; any given man’s odor could be pleasingly alluring to one woman but an offensive turnoff to another - Raters said that the smells they preferred reminded them

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of current or ex-lovers about twice as often as did the smells of men who have MHC profiles similar to their own, suggesting that smell had played a role in past decisions about who to date MHC-similar men’s smells were often described as being like a brother’s or father’s body odor (as would be expected if the components of smell being rated are MHC determined) More surprising- women’s evaluations of body odor intensities did not differ between MHC-similar and MHCdissimilar men - Body scent for MHC-dissimilar men was rated as less sexy and less pleasant the stronger it was, but intensity did not affect the women’s already low ratings for MHC-similar men’s smells - Strong odor turned raters off even with MHCdissimilar men may be due to the fact that strong body odor is a useful indicator of disease (diabetes, viral infection, schizophrenia) - Unusually sweet strong or strong body odors are a warning cue that ancestral females in search of good genes for their offspring may have been designed to heed - In case of schizophrenia, the issue is confounded- while some schizophrenics do actually have unusually sweet smell, many suffer from delusions of foul smells emanating from their bodies Nobody yet knows what roles of MHC may play in male evaluations of female attractiveness Females’ superior senses of smell may well be due to the need to carefully evaluate a potential mate’s merits- a poor mate choice for male ancestors may have meant as little as a few wasted minutes, whereas human female’s mistake could result in a nine-month-long “morning after” and a child unlikely to survive - Perfumers who really want to provide that sexy allure to their male customers will apparently need to get a genetic fingerprint of the special someone before they can tailor a scent that she will find attractive

Fooling Mother Nature - Swiss Researchers found that women taking oral contraceptives (which block

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conception by tricking the body into thinking it;s pregnant) reported reversed preferences, liking more the smells that reminded them of home and kin - Since the Pill reverses natural preferences, a woman may feel attracted to men she wouldn’t normally notice if she were not on birth control-men who have similar MHC profiles Effects of such evolutionary novel mate choices can go well beyond the bewilderment of a wife who stops taking her contraceptive pills and notices her husband’s “newly” foul body odor - Couple’s experiencing difficulty conceiving a child-even after several attempts at tubal embryo transfer- share significantly more of their MHC than do couples who conceive more easily - These couples’ grief is not caused by either partner’s infertility, but to an unfortunate combination of otherwise viable genes Since the mid1980s that couples suffering repeated spontaneous abortions tend to share more of their MHC than couples for whom pregnancies are carried to term - Even when MHC-similar couples do successfully bring a pregnancy to term, their babies are often underweight Swiss researchers found that women taking oral contraceptives (which block conception by tricking the body into thinking it’s pregnant) reported reversed preferences, liking more the smelled that reminded them of home and kin - Since the Pill reverses natural preferences, a woman may feel attracted to men who wouldn't normally notice if she were on birth control- men who have similar MHC profiles - The effects of such evolutionary novel mate choices can go well beyond the bewilderment of a wife who stops taking her contraceptive pills notices her husband’s “newly” foul body odor - Couples experiencing difficulty conceiving a child - even after several attempts at tubal embryo transfer- share significantly more of their MHC than do couples who conceive more easily Doctors have known since the mid-1980s that couples suffering repeated spontaneous abortions tend to share more of their MHC than couples for whom pregnancies are carried to term. And even when MHC-similar couples do successfully bring a pregnancy to term, their babies are underweight Swiss team believes that MHC-related pregnancy problems in humans are too widespread to be due to inbreeding alone - Argue that in-couple infertility problems are due to strategic, unconscious “decisions” made by women’s bodies to curtail investment in offspring with inferior immune systems-offspring unlikely to have survived to adulthood in the environments of our evolutionary past Perfume; daily, soapy showers; convenient contraceptive pills- have their charms BUT they also may be short-circuiting our own built in means of mate choice, adaptations shaped to our unique needs by millions of years of ancestral adversities - the existence of couples who long for children they cannot have

indicates that the western dismissal of body scent is scarcely benign

Chapter 10:The effects of perfume on perceptions of attractiveness and competence -

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Psychological emotional and physiological responses humans experience in response to various scents fragrances and Airborne chemicals - Levels of cortisol in women can be affected by a smelling component of male sweat - Smelling of sex steroid derived compound has been shown to affect the mood of women - Airborne exposure to underarm odor has produced rapid mood changes, including reduction and depressive mood, in research participants Both men and women have shown the ability to correctly identify fear and happiness from the body odor of the persons experiencing the emotions Social and behavioral responses to olfactory information - Women's perceptionsOf the attractiveness of men's body scent can differ as a function of their fertility cycle - In a simulation of a hiring procedure, researchers found that the interviewees were more likely to be “hired” when wearing a typically masculine rather than feminine perfume - Baron (1986) had Confederate interviewees engage in positive or neutral nonverbal cues while wearing or not wearing perfume - Men rated the future success of the interviewees lower when both positive cues and perfumes were used than cues or perfume alone - When “real-world" Employers offer their thoughts on various men's and women's fragrances, both men and women cautioned against wearing strong fragrances or fragrances that permeated the space and lingered in the room - In the USA we spend billions of dollars every year to manipulate various personal and environmental smells - Normal to minimize mask or compliment bodily odors - Bodily odor that is not minimized or masked is often perceived as offensive - Cover are odors with various marketed smells found in mouthwashes, toothpaste, deodorant, antiperspirant, perfumes, and colognes - We wash our skin and hair with scented soaps and shampoos,Insert “Odor Eaters” in our shoes, and make certain we have breath mints before we leave the house in the morning. We even put air fresheners in our homes and cars - A routine manipulation of an olfactory code for women comes in the form of the application of perfume - Women are quite systemic regarding how they apply fragrance, taking into consideration the social context (Eg., work dinner out romantic date friend Etc); time of day (Eg., middle of the day, late evening;) their

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relationship with the person(s) with whom they are socializing (Eg.,friends, co-workers, romantic partner Etc); even the degree of relationship (Eg., potential romantic Partners, long-term romantic partner) - Men are also reported to be systematic - Presentation in perfume have humans believe that perfume use can enhance one's attractiveness and indirectly contribute to both personal happiness and Career Success - Marketing strategies focus on the strong Implication that perfume use can enhance sexual attraction Perfume use, impression management, and attribution formation - Levineand McBurney 1986 argue that the more and odor departs from normative expectations, the more likely the older will trigger attributional analysis. - If the quantity of perfume exceeds the range considered appropriate for the situation, the negative attributions may result - There may be a Curvilinear relationship between the quantity of perfume applied and social judgement such as social attractiveness and competence. - Perceptions of a woman wearing perfume may become more positive as the perfume becomes more noticeable but perceptions may become increasingly negative as the salience of perfume goes beyond normative expectations Study: Test the effect of Norm violations in perfume use on respondents perceptions - Looks at how varying applications of perfume, ranging from none at all to more than average, would affect perceptions of the wh...