Flash Cards Lecture 1-3 PDF

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a.

b.

Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts and physiology, the study of how those body parts come together to function, and keep the body alive.

Define Anatomy & Physiology

a.

Name the levels of structural organisation (what makes up the human body : simple to complex)

a.

Chemicals Molecules Organelles Cells Tissue Organs Organ systems Organism

b.

b. Atoms combine to form molecules. At the chemical level, a  toms, molecules (combinations of atoms), and the chemical bonds between atoms provide the framework upon which all living activity is based.

Chemical Level

a.

Cellular Level

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

b. Cells are made up of molecules. The cell  is the smallest unit of life. Organelles within the cell are specialized bodies performing specific cellular functions. Cells themselves may be specialized. Thus, there are nerve cells, bone cells, and muscle cells.

a.

Tissues consist of similar types of cells. A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a common function. Muscle tissue, for example, consists of muscle cells.

Tissue Level

a.

b. Organs are made up of different tissues. An organ is a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a particular activity. The heart is an organ composed of muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues.

Organ Level

a.

b. Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. An o  rgan system is two or more organs working together to accomplish a particular task.

Organ System Level

a.

Organism Level

b.

b. Human organisms are made up of many organ systems. An o  rganism is a system possessing the characteristics of living thingsthe ability to obtain and process energy, the ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability to reproduce.

a.

Name the organ systems

a.

Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System

b.

Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of sensory receptors (pain,pressure,etc) and sweat and oil glands. Includes your skin, hair and finger/toenails.

Integumentary System

a.

b.

Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within the bones, stores minerals. Includes your bones, joints and cartilage.

Skeletal System

a.

Muscular System

b. -

b.

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat. Includes your skeletal muscles.

a.

Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Includes your brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord and nerves.

Nervous System

a.

b. Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells. Includes your pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis (male) and ovary (female).

Endocrine System

a.

b.

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc; the heart pumps blood. Includes your heart and blood vessels.

Cardiovascular System

a.

Lymphatic System

b.

b. Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity. Includes your lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels.

a.

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Includes your nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

Respiratory System

a.

b. Breaks down food into absorbable nutrients than enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Includes your oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum.

Digestive System

a.

b.

Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of the blood. Includes your kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra.

Urinary System

a.

Male and Female Reproductive System

b.

b. Overall function of the reproductive systems is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in the deliver of viable sperm to the female reproducitve tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaing structures serve as sites for fertilazation and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of the female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn. Includes the males seminal vesicle, prostate gland, penis, testis and scrotum. Includes the females mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus and vagina.

a. Which body system contains the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands? A) Cardiovascular B) Endocrine C) Reproductive D) Urinary

b.

B) Endocrine

a. Which of the following organs are found in the integumentary system? A) Eyes and nose B) Hair and nails C) Kidney and bladder D) Tonsils and spleen

b.

B) Hair and nails

a. Which of the following organs are found in the nervous system? A) Brain and spinal cord B) Heart and blood C) Joints and bones D) Trachea and lungs

b.

A) Brain and spinal cord

a. Which body systems contains the ovaries and uterus? A) Digestive B) Lymphatic C) Reproductive D) Respiratory

b.

C) Reproductive (Female)

a. Which of the following organs are found in the lymphatic system? A) Larynx and lungs B) Muscles and bones C) Nose and tongue D) Tonsils and spleen

b.

D) Tonsils and spleen

a. Which body system is responsible for secreting the hormones that regulate body functions, including growth and development? A) Cardiovascular B) Endocrine C) Lymphatic D) Skeletal

b.

B) Endocrine

a. Which body system contains the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder? A) Digestive B) Integumentary C) Respiratory D) Sensory

b.

A) Digestive

a. Which body system is significantly different in men than in women? A) Cardiovascular B) Lymphatic C) Reproductive D) Respiratory

b.

C) Reproductive

a. Which body system controls and coordinates all body activities? A) Endocrine B) Skeletal C) Nervous D) Reproductive

b.

C) Nervous

a.

Why would you have a hard time learning understanding physiology if you did not also understand anatomy?

b.

Anatomy and physiology are related. A given function can occur only if the corresponding structure allows it.

a.

Kidney function, bone growth, and the beating of the heart are all functions of anatomy. True or false?

b.

False. They are all topics of physiology.

a.

At which level of structural organization is the stomach? At which level is a glucose molecule?

b.

The stomach exhibits the organ level of structural organization. Glucose is at the chemical level.

a.

b.

Which organ system includes the trachea, lungs, nasal cavity, and bronchi?

Respiratory system

a.

b.

Which system functions to remove wastes and help regulate blood pressure?

Urinary System

a.

-

List the 4 types of tissue in the body

a.

Epithelial Tissue

b.

Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue

b. Forms the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.

a..

b. Covers your outer and inner body, organises everything into separate but connected units, covers the surface of your body with connected with 'connective tissue' to create skin but it also lines your body cavities and coats the internal and external walls of your organs and protects your deeper layers of tissue from injury or infection

a..

b. Forms your glands and secretes hormones and other substances eg lining your stomach with epithelial cells that produce mucus. All epithelial tissue is avascular (not supported by a blood supply) instead they rely on the blood supply of 'connective tissue' around them for the materials they need.

a.

b. Connective tissue is the supportive, protective and binding tissue. It is characterized by the presence of a non living, extracellular matrix (ground substance plus fibres)produced and secreted by the cells; it varies in amount and consistency. Fat, ligaments and tendons, bones, and cartilage are all connective tissues or connective tissue structures

a.

b.

Proper Epithelial Tissue

Glandular Epithelial Tissue

Connective Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue is specialized to contract, or shorten, which causes movement. There are three types - skeletal (attached to the skeleton), cardiac (in the heart wall), and smooth (in the walls of hollow organs).

a.

b. Nervous tissue is composed of irritable cells called neurons, which are highly specialized cells called neuroglia. Neurons are important in control of body processes. Nervous tissue is located in nervous system structures brain, spinal cord and nerves.

Nervous Tissue

a.

What two criteria are used to classify epithelial tissues?

b.

Cell shape and cell arrangement.

a.

How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?

b.

Exocrine glands have ducts that carry their secretion (typically a protein-containing secretion other than hormones) to a free body surface. Endocrine glands produce only hormones and are ductless glands.

a. Which of the following apply to epithelial tissues? A) Has blood vessels B) Can repair itself C) Has specialized cell junctions?

b.

B) and C)

a.

Which two characteristics are hallmarks of epithelial tissue?

b.

The two hallmarks of epithelial tissue include having on free surface and being avascular.

a.

What are the two hallmarks of connective tissue?

b.

Two hallmarks of connective tissue include variations in blood supply and the production of a nonliving extracellular matrix that surrounds their living cells.

a.

Which fibre type contributes strength to connective tissue?

Collagen fibres provide strength.

a.

Tissue repair

b.

b. Tissue repair (wound healing) may involve regeneration, fibrosis, or both. In regeneration, the injured tissue is replaced by the same type of cells. Epithelia and connective tissues also regenerate. Mature cardiac muscle and nervous tissue are repaired by fibrosis.

a.

Give an overview of the Cellular Basis of Life

b. A cell is composed primarily of four elements or chemicals- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, plus many more trace elements. Living matter is over 60% water. The major building material of the cell is protein. Cells vary in size from microscopic to over a meter in length. Shape reflects function eg. muscles cells have a long axis to allow shortening.

a.

b.

Name the three major regions of a generalized cell (anatomy of a cell)

1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm 3. Plasma Membrane

a.

The nucleus, or the control centre, directs cell activity and is necessary for reproduction. The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA), which carries instructions for synthesis of proteins.

Nucleus of a generalised cell

a.

Plasma Membrane of a generalised cell

b.

b. The plasma membrane encloses the cytoplasm and acts as a semipermeable barrier to the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins, sugars, and cholesterol. The water impermeable lipid portion forms the basic membrane structure.The proteins (many of which are glycoproteins) act as enzymes or carriers in membrane transport, form membrane channels, provide receptor sites for hormones and other chemicals, or play a role in cellular recognition during development and immune systems. Specialization of the plasma membrane include microvilli (which increase the absorptive surface area. And cell junction (desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junction).

a.

b. The cytoplasm is where most cellular activities occur. Its fluid substance, the cytosol, contains inclusions, stored or inactive materials in the cytoplasm (fat globules, water vacuoles, crystals, and the like) and specialized bodies called organelles, each with a specific function.

Cytoplasm of a generalized cell

a.

b. Irritability (the ability to respond to stimuli), digest food, excrete wastes, and are able to reproduce, grow and metabolize.

All cells exhibit?

a. -

Name the organelles of a cell

a.

Function of the Cytoskeleton

b, Cytoskeleton Mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosome

b. Acts as the cells ‘bone & muscles’ The cytoskeleton gives a cell its shape, offers support, and facilitates movement through three main components: microfilaments (such as actin and myosin), intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

a.

Which two types of cytoskeletal elements are involved in cell mobility?

b.

Microtubules and microfilaments are involved in cell mobility.

a.

Which of the cytoskeletal elements is the basis of centrioles? Of microvilli?

b.

The basis of centrioles is microtubules; that of microvilli is a core of actin filaments.

a.

The major function of the cilia is to move substances across the free cell surface. What is the major role of microvilli?

b.

Microvilli increase the cell surface for absorption.

a.

What creates a cell's energy?

b.

Mitochondria.

a.

b.

Rodlike, double membrane structures; inner membrane folded into projections called cristae.

Mitochondria structure

a.

b.

Site of aerobic respiration (the ‘burning’ of glucose) and ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell.

Mitochondria function

a.

What makes proteins by joining amino acids together?

b.

Ribosomes.

a.

Ribosomes structure

b.

Dense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and protein. Free or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum.

a.

Ribosome function

b.

The sites of protein synthesis.

a.

b.

Membranous system enclosing a cavity, the tunnel, and coiling through the cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum structure

a.

b.

Sugar groups are attached to proteins within the tunnels. Proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to the golgi apparatus and other sites. External face synthesizes phospholipids.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function

a.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum structure

b.

Membranous system of tunnels and sacs; free of ribosomes.

a.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum function

b.

Site of lipids and steroid (cholesterol) synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification.

a.

The Endoplasmic reticulum has 2 divisions: what are they?

b.

1) smooth 2) rough

a.

What is studded with ribosomes and modifies proteins?

b.

Rough ER

a.

What metabolizes lipids and detoxifies drugs?

b.

Smooth ER

a.

Golgi Apparatus structure

b.

A stack of flattened membranes and associate vesicles close to the ER.

a.

b.

Packages, modifies and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, or incorporation into the plasma membrane.

Golgi Apparatus function

a.

Peroxisomes structure

Membranous sacs of oxidase and catalase enzymes.

a.

Peroxisomes function

b.

b.

The enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances such as free radicals. The most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide.

a.

Lysosomes structure

b.

Membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases (powerful digestive enzymes).

a.

Lysosomes function

b.

Sites of intracellular digestion. The ‘stomach’ of the cell.

a.

Microtubules structure

Cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins.

a.

Microtubules function

b.

b.

Support the cell and give it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements. From centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present.

a.

Microfilaments structure

b.

Fine filaments composed of the protein actin.

a.

b.

Involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement; help form the cell cytoskeleton and microvilli, if present.

Microfilaments function

a.

Intermediate Filaments structure

b.

Protein fibres; composition varies.

a.

Intermediate Filaments function

b.

The stable cytoskeletal elements; resist mechanical forces acting on the cell.

a.

b.

Organize a microtubule network during mitosis (cell division) to form the spindle and asters. Form the bases of cilia and flagella.

Centrioles structure

a.

b.

Destroys harmful bacteria and substances release stores of glucose and calcium into the cell to maintain blood levels.

What is the purpose of Lysosomes?
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