FOOD Security PDF

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TOWARDS ASUSTAINABLEWORLD: FOODSECURITYLEARNING OUTCOMES:At the end of this Unit, the students are expected to demonstrate the following: Understand the new trend of globalization as factor to eradicate country’s poverty and hunger;  Categorize the issues and challenges of food security and its so...

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TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE WORLD: FOOD SECURITY

Early 21st Century  

Food Production enough to feed 7 Billion 870 million suffer from hunger

Availability of food to meet demand at macro level not enough to prevent hunger and malnourishment at the local level

LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this Unit, the students are expected to demonstrate the following: 

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Understand the new trend of globalization as factor to eradicate country’s poverty and hunger; Categorize the issues and challenges of food security and its solutions; Synthesize the concept of food security as part of Sustainable development.

INTRODUCTION A vital resource for man, regardless of race, nationality, religious affiliation, economic status, or educational attainment, is food, one of the basic necessities for the sustainment of life.

Global Crop Production (in trillions of Calories) Food systems comprise a range of socioeconomic, political and ecological activities and outcomes

WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY?

DEFINING FOOD SECURITY

“Food security is the availability at all times of adequate food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption offset fluctuations in productions and prices.” – FAO (1974)

Food Security is defined as “physical and economic access, at all times, to sufficient, safe and nutritious food (for people) to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (Swaminathan, 2003).

“Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” – FAO (2002)

It is a worldwide issue which must be given considerable attention before the issue escalates further.

3 PARADIGM SHIFTS

It is important for nations to secure a constant supply of food for the consumption of the people.

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES One of the contributing factors that further cripple and weaken food security both in a domestic and international level is Armed Conflict. Hunger also leads into conflict and, as aforementioned, leads into an increased shortage in food. Food Shortage is not only limited to rural areas but is also an issue plaguing urban sectors.

1. Decline in entitlement cause lack of access to food - Amartya Sen (1981) 2. Livelihood security as key household priority and component 3. Access to food that is preferred ()

FOOD SECURITY AND HUMAN SECURITY Human Security 

Safety from hunger, disease, repression

Food insecurity    

Denies basic functions of life Main cause – poverty Poor households vulnerable to hunger and malnourishment; Cut spending on education and healthcare

Link between poverty, food security, and human security: The changing distribution of hunger in the world: numbers and shares of undernourished people by region, 1990–92 and 2014–16 Notes: The areas of the pie charts are proportional to the total number of undernourished in each period. Data for 2014–16 refer to provisional estimates. All figures are rounded *Includes data for Sudan, which are not included in the figure for sub-Saharan Africa, following the partition of the country when South Sudan became an independent state in 2011

1. Food price spikes 2. May fuel civil unrest

TRENDS (Factors affecting global food security) RISE IN FOOD PRICES AND POVERTY

After being almost stable for 20 years, the FAO food price index more than doubled between 2007 and 2008. This was due to:

The changing distribution of hunger in the world: numbers and shares of undernourished people by region, 1990–92 and 2014–16 Notes: The areas of the pie charts are proportional to the total number of undernourished in each period. Data for 2014–16 refer to provisional estimates. All figures are rounded *Includes data for Sudan, which are not included in the figure for sub-Saharan Africa, following the partition of the country when South Sudan became an independent state in 2011

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high oil prices low food reserves protectionism

POPULATION GROWTH AND UNBANIZATION

Over half the world lives in cities, and those cities are responsible for over 80% of global GDP.

People are eating more protein than they need – especially in wealthy regions

The high density of people, jobs, and assets which make cities so successful, also makes them vulnerable to the wide range of natural and manmade shocks and stresses increasingly affecting them today.

World’s per capita meat and milk consumption is growing These foods are more resource-intensive to produce than plant-based diets.

PROJECTED POPULATION GROWTH IN BILLIONS

Population in Asia expected to swell another billion plus in four decades Improvements in health decrease mortality rate, boost life expectancy Rural-urban migration: Expansion of cities and slumsslum dwellers to double in 2030 Increased demand for water, environmental degradation, pollution RISING INCOMES AND CHANING DIETS

Animal-based foods are more resource-intensive than plant-based foods THE FOOD GAP

Taking into account a growing population and shifting diets, the world will need to produce 69 percent more food calories in 2050 than we did in 2006. Biofuel Production, Land Use Change and Access to Land Biofuel production triggered in 2004-5: US and EU adopted policies and incentives to boost biofuel consumption – USAID (2009) Biofuel reduces dependence on fossil fuels Biofuel responsible for almost half the increase in total consumption of key food crops in 2006-2007 THE ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS

Average global temperatures to rise by 2-3∘C in the next four decades 

SOLUTION AND CONCLUSION 

Another major challenge is biofuels’ competition for land and crops. It would also increase the food gap to roughly 100 percent. Conversely, eliminating the use of crop-based biofuels for transportation would close the food gap by roughly 14 percent.

Productivity of major crops drop with small increases of average temperatures

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Rationing of food is also a form of solution to address food security issues, although this solution can lead to even more problems and may ultimately worsen the food security such as the experience of India with its targeted Public Distribution System (PDS) in the 1990s (Swaminathan, 2003). Ensuring that the economy of a country can weather most downturns and busts will help cushion the adverse effects of food security issues. Establishing an international network with countries that can respond to food security challenges of other countries is a goal that all members of the international community must strive for.

GLOBAL SOLUTIONS Producing 10 percent of all transport fuels from biofuels by 2050, as planned by some governments, would require 32 percent of global crop production but produce only 2 percent of global energy. CLIMATE CHANGE    

dependence on agriculture for livelihood geographic location lack of adequate infrastructure homelessness

Global warming affects human health, livelihood assets, food production and distribution, purchasing power and market flows Impact of climate change uneven across the regions 

Poor, developing countries most affected

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Growing more food The integration of smallholders into national and global food market Increased agricultural productivity Global Food Justice Movement Food Sovereignty...