Foundations of Psychology practice test PDF

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Foundations of Psychology practice test for pre-assessment...

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PRE-ASSESSMENT: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY PCIO Attempt #1 Status: Passed

Case study

1.

Experiment

Psychologists Nicholas Spanos and Theodore X. Barber contended that hypnosis is not an altered state but rather a succession of everyday human experiences.

Meta-analysis

Which term defines this scientific viewpoint?

Factor analysis

YOUR ANSWER

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4. Which statement about correlational research is true?

Theory Hypothesis Replication

Correlations are expressed using numerical values on a scale of 1 to 100.

Correlation

Correlations are strongest when they are positive and weakest when they are negative.

2.

Such research involves the measurement of two variables.

In designing research, what is the difference between population and sample? Such research determines whether one variable causes a second variable. YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

The population includes all those the researcher wishes to study. The sample is a representation of the population.

5. How can psychological researchers reduce the impact of their own biases?

The sample includes all those the researcher wishes to study. The population is a representation of the sample. By collecting all the data from experiments before running the statistics Sample is the term used when the study involves a large number of participants. Population is used when the number is small. Population is the term used when the study involves a large number of participants. Sample is used when the number is small.

By looking back after the study has been completed and judging its merits By accepting conclusions if they appear intuitive By examining data from a series of observations and looking for trends

3. Phineas Gage was involved in a serious railway construction accident in 1848. A steel rod went through his left cheek and exited through the top of his head. After he recovered, people who knew him noticed that his personality and behavior were different. Eventually, descriptions of Gage before and after the accident provided evidence that the frontal lobe is involved in executive functioning. Which research method does the study of Gage represent?

6. Which principle should be established in any psychological study?

YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Participants should be protected from needless harm.

Myelin sheath

Participants should not be told the true nature of the study.

Somatic coating

Participants should be offered access to all data from the study.

Dendritic accelerator

Participants should be compensated for their involvement.

Vesicular membrane

7.

10.

What is the name of the fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain? 

Which structure is closely associated with reproduction in males?  YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Corpus callosum

Testes

Medulla oblongata

Pancreas

Broca's area

Pituitary gland

Reticular formation

Parathyroid gland

8.

11.

What is the function of the hippocampus? 

What differentiates sensation from perception? 

YOUR ANSWER

Memory

CORRECT ANSWER

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Sensation refers to the physical stimulation of the senses and perception to the organization and interpretation of sensory input.

Vision Senses

Perception refers to the physical stimulation of the senses and sensation to the organization and interpretation of sensory input.

Hearing

Perception involves all five senses, but sensation only involves hearing and vision.

9. What is the name of the fatty layer that insulates axons and speeds their impulses? 

Sensation involves all five senses, but perception only involves hearing and vision.

12. While watching an exciting basketball game, spectators fail to notice a clown walk across the court.

What is this phenomenon known as? 

After several years of chronic alcohol consumption, a person decides to stop drinking completely. The person experiences tremors and severe nausea in the process. YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Why is this person experiencing this condition? 

Inattentional blindness

YOUR ANSWER

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Short-term memory loss The person is experiencing withdrawal from the alcohol. Dissociated control The person has become physically intolerant to the alcohol. The absolute threshold The person is psychologically dependent on the alcohol. The person is experiencing a placebo effect from the alcohol. 13. In which stage of non-REM sleep are brain waves least regular? 

16. Which stage of prenatal development occurs between week two and week eight?  YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Stage 1 Zygotic

Stage 2

Embryonic

Stage 3

Fetal

Stage 4

Infantile 14. What is an example of how people can alter consciousness and attention characterized by relaxing, deep breathing, and concentrated focus?  YOUR ANSWER

Meditation REM sleep Daydreaming Phrenological testing

15.

17. Which phenomenon characterizes the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development? 

CORRECT ANSWER

Object permanence Pretend play Conservation Abstract logic

18. 

According to Erikson's stages of development, which psychosocial task occurs during infancy?  Formal operational YOUR ANSWER

YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Abstract logic and moral reasoning

Abstract logic and moral reasoning

CORRECT ANSWER

21. Trust vs. mistrust

A 10-year-old states, "I am a smart person and an athlete who gets pretty good grades and who tries really hard to be nice to everyone."

Autonomy vs. shame

Which developmental achievement does this statement exemplify? 

Initiative vs. guilt Identity vs. role confusion

YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

19. Self-concept

What is an example of maturation? 

Basic trust YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Successful imprinting Secure attachment

An infant standing before walking A child running before talking

22.

A child learning to read

A 15-year-old is increasingly moody, impulsive, and lacking in good judgment. The adolescent's behavioral problems have resulted in poor grades and suspension from the soccer team.

An infant crying when hungry

Which neurological phenomenon is associated with this type of behavioral change? 

20. YOUR ANSWER

Match each stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory to the corresponding characteristic. Answer options may be used more than once or not at all. 

CORRECT ANSWER

Delayed frontal lobe maturation Premature frontal lobe maturation



Sensorimotor

YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Object permanence and stranger anxiety

Object permanence and stranger anxiety

Insufficient neuronal pruning Overextensive neuronal pruning

Preoperational

Pretend play and egocentrism

Pretend play and egocentrism

23.

Concrete operational

Conservation and mathematical transformations

Conservation and mathematical transformations

According to Kohlberg, cognitive development in adolescence leads to a shift in focus from (a) upholding laws and rules in order to gain social approval to (b) actions that reflect a belief in basic rights and selfdefined ethical principles.

In Kohlberg's terms, what does this change represent? 

Which cognitive ability can remain strong as people age if it is triggered by something in the environment?  YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Shift from conventional morality to postconventional morality

CORRECT ANSWER

27.

According to Erikson, which developmental level is associated with the identity vs. role confusion conflict? 

YOUR ANSWER

Which age group generally has less intense anger, stress, and worry? 

CORRECT ANSWER

Adolescence

Older adults

Infancy

Middle-aged adults

Childhood

Young adults

Adulthood

Adolescents

25.

28.

A 50-year-old woman concludes that she is experiencing menopause.

Which belief illustrates dispositional attribution? 

Which symptoms likely led her to this conclusion? 

YOUR ANSWER

26.

YOUR ANSWER

Episodic memory

24.

Declining memory and frequent urination

CORRECT ANSWER

Eidetic memory

Shift from postconventional morality to conventional morality

Infertility and loss of energy

YOUR ANSWER

Fluid memory

Shift from preconventional morality to postconventional morality

Hair loss and muscle atrophy

CORRECT ANSWER

Prospective memory

Shift from preconventional morality to conventional morality

Night sweats and absence of menses

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A person thinks that an acquaintance's friendliness is due to that person's personality. A person accredits a friend's sudden grumpiness to the friend's lack of sleep. Soccer teams sometimes win games because of the weather conditions. Whether one receives a promotion is a matter of workplace politics.

YOUR ANSWER

29. What is the basic difference between attribution and cognitive dissonance? 

CORRECT ANSWER

Reactance Repression YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Egocentrism

Unlike attribution, cognitive dissonance involves the reduction of tension. 32. During a college's spirit week, students are arbitrarily assigned to two teams for a series of competitive activities. Two friends are placed on separate teams and find their friendship strains during the competition.

Cognitive dissonance is a form of social cognition, whereas attribution is a form of behavioral cognition. Attribution is a form of social cognition, whereas cognitive dissonance is a form of behavioral cognition.

Which phenomenon accounts for this strain? 

Unlike attribution, cognitive dissonance has a strong genetic component. YOUR ANSWER

30. In which situation is a participant most likely to conform, according to the results of Asch's study of conformity? 

YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Outgroup bias Fundamental attribution error CORRECT ANSWER

Scapegoat theory Group pressure

When everyone else in the group expresses the same opinion 33.

When one member of the group expresses an opinion different from other members

Which term arose from research seeking to understand why agroup of strangers areunlikely to help another person in a moment of need? 

When the group is roughly divided between two different opinions When there is no clearly defined authority figure leading the group

YOUR ANSWER

31.

CORRECT ANSWER

Bystander effect

A company's research department is under strong pressure to solve an urgent problem with one of the company's products. In their urgency, the department's executives decide to focus on one possible solution and refuse to consider alternatives.

Social exchange theory Reciprocity norms

Which group dynamic does this scenario best illustrate? 

Social-responsibility norms YOUR ANSWER

Groupthink

CORRECT ANSWER

34. In Pavlov's original demonstration of classical conditioning, what did the dog's salivation to the ringing of the bell represent?

 37. YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Which therapeutic intervention was influenced by Pavlov's work on classical conditioning? 

Conditioned stimulus YOUR ANSWER

Unconditioned stimulus

CORRECT ANSWER

A person with a fear of spiders is told to hold a non-poisonous spider until the person feels comfortable doing so.

Unconditioned response Conditioned response

A person is asked to keep a dream journal over the next week to see if the dreams have any common themes. 35. A person is accepted by a therapist with unconditional positive regard and is encouraged to be candid in expressing feelings.

Which process is most likely to occur if a learned behavior is no longer reinforced? 

YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Extinction

A person sits down and talks to a therapist about whatever comes to mind so as to learn about subconscious motives.

38. A person experiences extreme nausea following a first session of chemotherapy. The nausea continues for approximately three days. The chemotherapy sessions are scheduled at 7 a.m. each Monday for eight consecutive weeks. By session three, the person becomes nauseated on the Sunday night before the therapy session.

Correlation Cause-effect Conditioned response

Which statement about the nausea on Sunday night is true? 

36. A farmer drives a truck full of feed for cattle into a field. The farmer honks the horn when driving into the field. On the third day, the farmer drives into the field and honks the horn, and the cattle start moving toward the truck. Which theorist is associated with studying this type of behavior? 

YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

It is a reflex behavior, which is classically conditioned. It is a behavior learned through operant conditioning.

YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

It is a reflex behavior resulting from punishment. It is not a learned behavior, as it represents an autonomic response.

Ivan Pavlov Sigmund Freud Clark Hull Carl Rogers

39. Children in a second-grade class are expected to raise their hands and wait for the teacher to call on them. One child disregards this rule and shouts out answers before other children can respond. In order to shape the offending child's behavior, the teacher ignores the child who calls out an answer but responds immediately whenever that child's hand is raised prior to answering. Which schedule of reinforcement is the teacher using to establish hand raising in the child who previously

failed to do so? 

YOUR ANSWER

YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Warmth

42.

Fixed ratio

Match each scenario with the type of reinforcement that is being illustrated. Variable ratio Answer options may be used more than once or not at all. 

Fixed interval Variable interval

YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

A teenage driver is given a citation for speeding and thereafter drives within the speed limit.

Punishment

Punishment

All occupants of a car fasten their seat belts in order to silence a buzzer.

Negative reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

A student is removed from the classroom for yelling at classmates. When the student returns, the yelling episodes increase.

Punishment

Positive reinforcement

Parents repeatedly ask their children to clean their room, and they finally do so.

Negative reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

Students complete their history assignment so that they can go to recess.

Positive reinforcement

Positive reinforcement



40. A child repeatedly walks into a busy street. Which procedure is advised for most readily ending this dangerous behavior?  YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Provide punishment for the dangerous behavior Remove positive reinforcement of the dangerous behavior Reinforce behaviors other than the dangerous behavior Provide negative reinforcement for the dangerous behavior

41. Of the following stimuli, which two are best considered secondary reinforcers? Choose 2 answers  43. YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

Which statement about operant and classical conditioning is most accurate? 

Money YOUR ANSWER

A wrapped gift Chocolate Drinking water

Both depend on observable stimuli and responses. Both focus on the consequences of a learned response.

CORRECT ANSWER

YOUR ANSWER

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Classical conditioning is more applicable to nonhuman behavior and operant conditioning to human behavior.

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CORRECT ANSWER

Constraints on working memory reduce the effectiveness of short-term memory. Constraints on working memory decrease short-term memory capacity.

They are competing concepts, and each is equally effective in explaining the same learned behavior.

Constraints on short-term memory do not affect working memory. Constraints on working memory and short-term memory are identical.

44. In conducting operant conditioning research, Skinner would place a rat in a box containing a press lever. Every time the rat would press on the lever, a food pellet would be dispensed into the box.

47. A 50-year-old person who has not ridden a bicycle since childhood gets on a bicycle and rides effortlessly without even thinking about it.

What did the food pellet represent in this experiment?  YOUR ANSWER

CORRECT ANSWER

What type of memory is being used in this situation? 

YOUR ANSWER

Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement

Implicit memory

Neutral operant

Short-term memory

Positive punishment

Sensory memory

CORRECT ANSWER

Explicit memory

45. What is the primary difference between memory encoding and memory retrieval? 

48.

YOUR ANSWER

Encoding involves receiving information initially, and retrieval involves accessing it once it is stored.

CORRECT ANSWER

A driver follows written directions to a friend's house. Two days later, the driver wants to go visit the friend again, but cannot remember the name of the street to turn on. Which concept corresponds to this situation? 