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Inter-Services Intelligence The Inter-Services Intelligence (U rdu:‫ﺑ ﻴﻦ ا ﻟﺨﺪﻣ ﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺨ ﺎﺑﺮات‬,abbreviated as ISI)isthe prem ier intelligence agency ofPakistan,operationally responsible for gathering,processing,and analyzing nationalsecurity inform ation from around the w orld.As one ofthe principalm em bers of

Inter-Services Intelligence ‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮات‬

the Pakistani intelligence com m unity, the ISI reports to the D irector-General and is prim arily focused on providing intelligence for the G overnm entofPakistan. The ISI consists prim arily of serving m ilitary officers drawn on secondm ent from the three service branches of the Pakistan Arm ed Forces (Arm y,Air Force,and N avy) and hence the nam e "Inter-Services".H ow ever,the agency also recruits m any civilians.Since 1971,the ISI has been headed by a serving three-star generalofthe Pakistan Arm y,w ho is appointed by the Prim e M inister on recom m endation ofthe Chiefof Arm y Staff,w ho recom m ends three officersfor the job.The ISI is currently headed by Lieutenant-GeneralN aveed M ukhtar w ho w asappointed D irector-GeneralofInter-Services Intelligence on 12 D ecem ber 2016. the Arm y Chief.

[1]

The D irector-Generalreports directly to both the Prim e M inister and

The ISI gained globalrecognition and fam e in the 1980s when itsupported the Afghan M ujahideen againstthe Soviet U nion during the Soviet –Afghan W arin then com m unistAfghanistan.D uring the w ar,the ISIw orked in close coordination w ith the CentralIntelligence Agency ofthe U nited States to train and fund the M ujahideen w ith Am erican,Pakistani,and Saudifunds.

Logo of the Inter-Services Intelligence

Afterfallofthe SovietU nion,the ISIprovided strategicsupportand intelligence to the Afghan Taliban againstthe N orthern Alliance during the civil w ar in A fghanistan of the 1990s. [2] D uring m ore recent tim es, how ever, it has com e under increasing criticism from both civilian and

Intelligence agency overview

m ilitary circles for nothaving keptterroristforces in society in check,especially against harbouring terrorists and acts against m ilitary forces,

Formed

January 1, 1948

particularly those in neighbouring India.

Headquarters

Islamabad,

In 2011, International Business Times ranked the ISIas the top intelligence agency in the w orld. own intelligence agency RAW called ISIthe strongestin the w orld,com paring itto KG B.

Contents History Organization Departments Director-Generals Headquarters Recruitment and training Major operations Functions Methods By country Afghanistan Bosnia India Pakistan Libya Iran Iraq France Soviet Union and post-Soviet states United Kingdom United States Al Qaeda and Taliban militants captured Reception U.S. government Indian government Controversies Support for militants Hizbul Mujahideen Al-Badr Al-Qaeda Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Jammu and Kashmir Haqqani network Nepal Attacks on journalists Equipment Losses See also References Bibliography Further reading External links

[3]

Islamabad Capital Territory,

In N ovem ber2015,form er directorofIndia's

[4][5]

Pakistan Annual budget

Classified

Intelligence

Naveed Mukhtar,

agency executive

Director-General

Parent

None

Intelligence agency

History The Inter-Services Intelligence w as created in 1948 follow ing the 1947–48 Pakistan-India w ar w hich had exposed w eaknesses in intelligence gathering,sharing,and coordination betw een the Arm y,Air Force,N avy,Intelligence Bureau (IB)and M ilitary Intelligence (M I).[6] The ISI was structured to be operated by officers from the three m ain m ilitary services, and to specialize in the collection, analysis,and assessm ent of external m ilitary and non-m ilitary intelligence. [6] The ISI w as the brainchild of the form er British Indian Arm y M ajor G eneralSir Robert Caw thom e,then D eputy D eputy ChiefofStaffofthe Pakistan Arm y and selected ColonelShahid H am id to setup the agency.Initially,the ISI [6] The recruitm ent and

had no role in the collection ofinternalintelligence,w ith the exception of the N W FP and Azad Jam m u and Kashm ir.

expansion of the ISI w as m anaged and undertaken by N avalCom m ander Syed M oham m ad Ahsan,w ho w as tenuring as D eputy D irector of N avalIntelligence and played a pivotalrole in form ulating the procedures of the ISI.Following the 1958 coup d'état,allnationalintelligence agencies cam e under the directcontrolofthe Presidentand ChiefM artialLaw Adm inistrator.The m aintenance ofnationalsecurity,which w as the principalfunction of these agencies,cam e to m ean the consolidation of the Ayub regim e.Any criticism of the regim e w as seen a threatto nationalsecurity. [7] After ChiefofArm y StaffG eneralZia-ul-H aq seized poweron 5 July 1977 and becam e the ChiefM artialLaw Adm inistrator, the ISIw as expanded on collecting intelligence on the Pakistan Com m unistParty and Pakistan Peoples Party.

[8]

The Sovietw ar in Afghanistan

in the 1980s saw the enhancem entofcovertoperations ofthe ISI.A specialAfghanistan section (called the SS Directorate)w as created under the com m and of Brigadier M oham m ed Yousaf to oversee day-to-day operations in A fghanistan.A num ber of officers from the ISI's Covert Action D ivision received training in the U nited States and m any covert action experts of the CIA were attached to the ISI to guide it in its operations againstSoviettroops by using the Afghan M ujahideen.In Septem ber 2001,Pervez M usharrafappointed a new D irector G eneralfor ISI,LieutenantG eneralEhsanulH aq who w as later replaced by the LieutenantG eneralShuja Pasha.Som e analysts (m ainly Indian)believe that the ISI provides support to m ilitant groups,though according to other analysts,these allegations rem ain unsubstantiated w ith evidence.

[9][10]

G eneral Javed Nasir confessed to assisting the besieged Bosnian M uslim s despite a U N arm s em bargo, supporting Chinese M uslim s in Xinjiang,rebelM uslim groups in the Philippines,and som e religious groups in CentralAsia.

[11]

N ationalIntelligence D irectorate (N ID ) w as

General Ayub Khan, arriving to take command of the Pakistan Army in 1951

form ed in 2014 in order to pooland share intelligence gathered by over 30 Pakistan's intelligence agencies to com bat terrorism in Pakistan effectively.[12]

Organization The ISI is headed by a D irector-General,who is traditionally a serving Lieutenant-General(Three-star general)in the Pakistan Arm y.Three D eputy D irector-Generals,w ho are serving 2-starm ilitary officers,reportdirectly to the D irector-Generalw ith each deputy heading three w ings respectively:

[13]

◾ Internal Wing – responsible for domestic intelligence, domestic counter-intelligence, counter-espionage, and counter-terrorism. ◾ External Wing – responsible for external intelligence, external counter-intelligence, and espionage. ◾ Foreign Relations Wing – responsible for diplomatic intelligence and foreign relations intelligence. It's also been reported thata CPEC Wing has been established in collaboration w ith the Chinese.The w ing is particularly significantbecause the portatG w adaris slated to be a linchpin forthe m ajortrade corridorlinking northw estern China to the Persian G ulf.

[14]

The generalstaffofthe ISIis com posed ofm ilitary officers ofthe arm ed forces as w ellas civilian officersfrom the FIA,FBR ,Pakistan Custom s,police and judiciary.They are recruited on deputations for 3 to 4 years and enhance the ISI's professionalcom petence.Experienced arm y officers who perform w ellare given repeated extensions in their service.According to som e experts,the ISI is the largestintelligence agency in the w orld in term softotalstaff.W hile the totalnum berhas neverbeen m ade public,experts estim ate around 10,000 officersand staff, which doesnotinclude inform antsor assets. [15]

Departments ◾ Covert Action Division

Responsible for paramilitary and covert operations as well as special activities. Its roles are akin to Special Activities Division of CIA and a handful of officers are trained by the CIA's SAD and active since the 1960s.[16] ◾ Joint Intelligence X

Coordinates all the other departments in the ISI.[15] Intelligence and information gathered from the other departments are sent to JIX which prepares and processes the information and from which prepares reports which are presented. ◾ Joint Intelligence Bureau

Responsible for gathering anti-state intelligence and fake drugs, fake currency and TTP.[15] ◾ Joint Counterintelligence Bureau

Focussed on RAW India ◾ Joint Intelligence North

exclusively responsible for the Jammu and Kashmir region and Northern Areas.[15] ◾ Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous

responsible for espionage, including offensive intelligence operations, in other countries.[15] ◾ Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau

operates intelligence collections along the India-Pakistan border.[15] The JSIB is the ELINT, COMINT, and SIGINT directorate that is charged to divert the attacks from the foreign non-communications electromagnetic radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources.[15]

◾ Joint Intelligence Technical

deals with development of science and technology to advance the Pakistan intelligence gathering. The directorate is charged to take steps against the electronic warfare attacks in Pakistan.[15] Without any exception, officers from this divisions are reported to be engineer officers and military scientists who deal with the military promotion of science and technology.[15] There are also separate explosives and a chemical and biological warfare sections.[15] ◾ SS Directorate

Mcomprises officers from Special services group [SSG]. It monitors the terrorist groups activities that operate against the state of Pakistan. The SS Directorate is comparable to that of The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) National Clandestine Service (NCS), and responsible for special operations against terrorists. ◾ Political Internal Division

monitored the financial funding of the right-wing political science sphere against the left-wing political science circles. This department was involved in providing funds to the anti-left wing forces during the general elections of 1965, 1977, 1985, 1988, and 1990.[17] The department is now "inactive" since March 2012 with the new Director General taking the operational charge of the ISI.[18]

Director-Generals Director General

Tenure

Syed Shahid Hamid

1948–1950

Robert Cawthorne

1950–1959

Riaz Hussain

1959–1966

Mohammad Akbar Khan

1966–1971

Ghulam Jilani Khan

1971–1977

Muhammad Riaz

1977–1979

Akhtar Abdur Rahman

1979–1987

Hameed Gul

1987–1989

Shamsur Rahman Kallu

1989–1990

Asad Durrani

1990–1992

Javed Nasir

1992–1993

Javed Ashraf Qazi

1993–1995

Naseem Rana

1998–1999

Ziauddin Butt

1998–1999

Mahmud Ahmed

1999–2001

Ehsan ul Haq

2001–2004

Nadeem Taj

2007–2008

Ahmad Shuja Pasha

2008–2012

Zaheerul Islam

2012–2014

Rizwan Akhtar

2014–2016

Naveed Mukhtar

2016–Present

Headquarters The ISI is headquartered in Pakistan's capital,Islam abad.The com plex consists ofvarious low -rise buildings separated by law ns and fountains.The entrance to the com plex is nextto a private hospital.D eclan W alsh ofThe Guardian said that the entrance is "suitably discreet:no sign,just a plainclothes officer packing a pistolw ho direct visitors through a chicane of barriers,soldiersand snifferdogs". [19] W alsh said thatthe com plex "resem bles a w ell-funded private university" and thatthe buildings are "neatly tended,"the law ns are "sm ooth,"and the fountainsare "tinkling."H e described the centralbuilding,w hich housesthe directorgeneral's office on the top floor,as"a m odern structure w ith a round,echoing lobby."

[19]

Recruitment and training Both civilians and m em bers of the arm ed forces can join the ISI.For civilians,recruitm ent is advertised and is jointly handled by the FederalPublic Services Com m ission (FPSC) and civilian ISIagents are considered em ployeesofthe M inistry ofD efence.The FPSC conductsvarious exam inationstesting the candidate's knowledge ofcurrentaffairs,English and various analyticalabilities.Based on the results,the FPSC shortliststhe candidates and sendsthe listto the ISIwho conductthe initialbackground checks.The selected candidates are then invited for an interview which is conducted by a jointcom m ittee com prising both ISIand FPSC officials,then the selected persons are sentto D efence Services intelligence Academ y (D SIA)for further training of06 m onths.Later these officersare transferred to differentSections foropen source inform ation w here they serve for five years.O fficers afterfive yearsofbasic service are entrusted w ith sensitivejobs and declared the core team ofISI.

Major operations Functions ◾ Collection of information and extraction of intelligence from information

ISI obtains information critical to Pakistan's strategic interests. Both overt and covert means are adopted.[6] ◾ Classification of intelligence

Data is sifted through, classified as appropriate, and filed with the assistance of the computer network in ISI's headquarters in Islamabad.[6] ◾ Aggressive intelligence

The primary mission of ISI includes aggressive intelligence which comprises espionage, psychological warfare, subversion, sabotage.[6] ◾ Counterintelligence

ISI has a dedicated section which spies against enemy's intelligence collection.[6]

Methods ◾ Human Intelligence

ISI is a very well-funded organisation. It employs a large number of different types of human resource which share information voluntarily or involuntarily. The ISI agents often build a very warm relationship with the subjects and take a long time to build trust. Initially, Indian Muslims were most attempted targets but now high caste Hindus Diaspora is the real attraction of ISI agents for espionage.[20] ◾ Diplomatic missions

Diplomatic missions provide an ideal cover and ISI centres in a target country are generally located on the embassy premises.[6] ◾ Multinationals

ISI operatives find good covers in multinational organisations. Non-governmental organizations and cultural programmes are also popular screens to shield ISI activities.[6] ◾ Media

International media centres can easily absorb ISI operatives and provide freedom of movement.[6] ◾ Collaboration with other agencies

ISI maintains active collaboration with other secret services in various countries. Its contacts with Saudi Arabian Intelligence Services, Chinese Intelligence, the American CIA and British MI6 have been well known. ◾ Third Country Technique

ISI has been active in obtaining information and operating through third countries like Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Iran, Turkey and China.

By country Afghanistan ◾ 1982

ISI, CIA and Mossad carried out a covert transfer of Soviet-made weapons and Lebanese weapons captured by the Israelis during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982 and their subsequent transfer to Pakistan and then into Afghanistan. All knowledge of this weapon transfer was kept secret and was only made public recently. ◾ 1982–1997

ISI are believed to have access to Osama bin Laden in the past.[21][22] ISI played a central role in the U.S.-backed guerrilla war to oust the Soviet Army from Afghanistan in the 1980s. That Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-backed effort flooded Pakistan with weapons and with Afghan, Pakistani and Arab "mujahideen". The CIA relied on the ISI to train fighters, distribute arms, and channel money. The ISI trained about 83,000 Afghan mujahideen between 1983 and 1997, and dispatched them to Afghanistan. B. Raman, former RAW officer now an Indian think-tank, of South Asia Analysis Group, claims that the Central Intelligence Agency through the ISI promoted the smuggling of heroin into Afghanistan in order to turn the Soviet troops into heroin addicts and thus greatly reducing their fighting potential.[23] The factions that were backed by the ISI were Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami, and the forces fighting for Jalaluddin Haqqani. ◾ 1986

Worrying that among the large influx of Afghan refugees that had come into Pakistan due to the Soviet-Afghan war were members of KHAD (Afghan Intelligence), the ISI successfully convinced Mansoor Ahmed who was the Charge-de-Affairs of the Afghan Embassy in Islamabad to turn his back on the Soviet backed Afghan government. He and his family were secretly escorted out of their residence and were given safe passage on a London bound British Airways flight in exchange for classified information in regard to Afghan agents in Pakistan. The Soviet and Afghan diplomats tried their best to find the family but were unsuccessful.[24] ◾ 1990

According to Peter Tomsen, the United States Special Envoy to Afghanistan, neighboring Pakistan had tried to install Gulbuddin Hekmatyar in power in Afghanistan against the opposition of all other mujahideen commanders and factions as early as 1990.[25] In October 1990, the Pakistani InterServices Intelligence (ISI) had devised a plan for Hekmatyar to conduct a mass bombardment of the Afghan capital Kabul, then still under communist rule, with possible Pakistani troop enforcements.[25] This unilateral ISI-Hekmatyar plan came although the thirty most important mujahideen

commanders had agreed on holding a conference inclusive of all Afghan groups to decide on a common future strategy.[25] The United States finally put pressure on Pakistan to stop the 1990 plan, which was subsequently called off until 1992.[25] ◾ 1994

The Taliban regime is widely accepted to have been supported by the ISI and Pakistani military from 1994 to 2001, which Pakistan officially denied during that time, although then Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf now admits to supporting the Taliban until 9/11.[26] According to Pakistani Afghanistan expert Ahmed Rashid, "between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan" on the side of the Taliban.[27] Following the 9/11 attack on the United States by Al-Qaeda, Pakistan says it felt it necessary to cooperate with the US. Others, however, maintain Pakistan continues to support the Afghan Taliban, which Pakistan rejects. ◾ 2008

The Indian Consulate General in Jalalabad was attacked by terrorists in 2007. According to Afghanistan's National Directorate of Security, individuals arrested by the Afghan government stated that the ISI was behind this attack and had given them Rs 120,000 for the operation.[28] ◾ 2001 onwards

American officials believe members of the Pakistani intelligence service are alerting militants to imminent American missile strikes in Pakistan's tribal areas. In October 2009, Davood Moradian, a senior policy adviser to foreign minister Spanta, said the British and American governments were fully aware of the ISI's role but lacked the courage to confront Islamabad. He claimed that the Afghan government had given British and Ameri...