Full Lab Manual-1 lab manual all experiment with reading and formula PDF

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Download Full Lab Manual-1 lab manual all experiment with reading and formula PDF

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APPLIED PHYSICS FOR ENGENIERS

LAB REPORTS

Submitted BY: WorkStation (3) FA20-BEE-170 FA20-BEE-195 FA20-BEE-198

Contents 1

Measurement of variation in photoelectric current with the change in intensity of light........5 1.1

ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................5

1.2

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................5

1.3

THEORY...........................................................................................................................5

1.4

APPARATUS....................................................................................................................6

1.5

DIAGRAM........................................................................................................................6

1.6

PROCEDURE...................................................................................................................6

1.7

PRECAUTIONS...............................................................................................................7

1.8

GRAPHS:..........................................................................................................................8

1.8.1

GRAPH BETWEEN I AND 1/D2:............................................................................8

1.8.2

GRAPH BETWEEN L AND I:.................................................................................8

1.9

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:....................................................................9

1.10 2

3

LAB QUESTION(S):....................................................................................................9

Measurement of frequency of A.C supply by Medley’s Apparatus.......................................10 2.1

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................10

2.2

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................10

2.3

THEORY.........................................................................................................................10

2.3.1

TRANSVERSE ARRANGEMENT,........................................................................11

2.3.2

LONGITUDINAL ARRANGEMENT,...................................................................11

2.4

APPARATUS..................................................................................................................11

2.5

DIAGRAM......................................................................................................................12

2.6

PROCEDURE.................................................................................................................12

2.7

PRECAUTIONS.............................................................................................................13

2.8

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:..................................................................13

2.9

LAB QUESTION(S):......................................................................................................13

Measurement of Resistivity and Conductivity of Copper Wire.............................................14 3.1

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................14

3.2

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................14

3.3

THEORY.........................................................................................................................14

3.4

APPARATUS..................................................................................................................15

3.5

DIAGRAM......................................................................................................................15

1

4

5

3.6

PROCEDURE.................................................................................................................16

3.7

PRECAUTIONS.............................................................................................................16

3.8

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:..................................................................17

3.9

LAB QUESTION(S):......................................................................................................17

Measurement of Resistivity and Conductivity of Eureka Wire.............................................18 4.1

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................18

4.2

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................18

4.3

THEORY.........................................................................................................................19

4.4

APPARATUS..................................................................................................................19

4.5

DIAGRAM......................................................................................................................20

4.6

PROCEDURE.................................................................................................................20

4.7

PRECAUTIONS.............................................................................................................21

4.8

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:..................................................................21

4.9

LAB QUESTION(S):......................................................................................................21

VOLTMETER AND AMMETER DESIGN USING GALVANOMETER...........................22 5.1

Objectives:......................................................................................................................22

5.2

Equipment:......................................................................................................................22

5.3

Abstract:..........................................................................................................................22

5.4

PART 1: VOLTMETER..................................................................................................22

5.4.1

Diagram:..................................................................................................................23

5.4.2

Measurement of the internal resistance:..................................................................24

5.4.3

Testing the designed voltmeter:...............................................................................24

5.4.4

Diagram...................................................................................................................25

5.5

6

PART 2: AMMETER......................................................................................................26

5.5.1

Diagram:..................................................................................................................26

5.5.2

Testing the designed ammeter:................................................................................27

MAGNETIC MODULE........................................................................................................29 6.1

Figure:.............................................................................................................................29

6.2

Objectives:......................................................................................................................29

6.3

Introduction:....................................................................................................................29

6.4

Lab procedure:................................................................................................................29

6.4.1

For Block A..............................................................................................................29

2

7

8

9

6.4.2

For Block B..............................................................................................................29

6.4.3

For Block C..............................................................................................................30

6.4.4

For Block D.............................................................................................................30

6.4.5

For Block E..............................................................................................................30

6.5

RESULTS:......................................................................................................................30

6.6

Conclusion:.....................................................................................................................30

APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC DEVICES IN ALARM CIRCUIT..................................31 7.1.1

Apparatus:................................................................................................................31

7.1.2

Objectives:...............................................................................................................31

7.1.3

Steps:........................................................................................................................31

7.1.4

Lab Procedure:.........................................................................................................31

Magnetic field strength..........................................................................................................33 8.1

Objectives:......................................................................................................................33

8.2

Concept:..........................................................................................................................33

8.3

Lab Procedure:................................................................................................................33

8.4

Conclusion:.....................................................................................................................34

Magnetic Curves....................................................................................................................34 9.1

Objectives:......................................................................................................................34

9.2

Concept:..........................................................................................................................34

9.3

Lab Procedure:................................................................................................................34

9.4

Conclusion:....................................................................................................................35

10 Lenz’s Law and faraday’s Law..............................................................................................36

11

10.1

Objectives....................................................................................................................36

10.2

Discussion...................................................................................................................36

10.3

Procedure.....................................................................................................................37

10.4

Conclusion...................................................................................................................37

Ampere’s Rule.......................................................................................................................38 11.1

Objectives....................................................................................................................38

11.2

Discussion...................................................................................................................38

11.3

Procedure.....................................................................................................................38

11.4

Conclusion...................................................................................................................39

3

12 Fleming’s Rule.......................................................................................................................39 12.1

Objectives....................................................................................................................39

12.2

Discussion...................................................................................................................39

12.3

Procedure.....................................................................................................................40

12.4

Conclusion...................................................................................................................40

4

1 Measurement of variation in photoelectric current with the change in intensity of light

1.1

ABSTRACT

This study discusses the variations of photoelectric current with intensity of light. The Photoelectric effect is dependent upon various factors including frequency of light, intensity of Light, nature of material, energy of light and potential difference. However, even if the Photoelectric effect is caused, the photoelectric current which is produced as a result of it may vary. To determine the impact of changing light intensity on photoelectric effect while keeping the other factors constant, an experiment was performed. The impact was seen by Changing the distance of light source from photocell and the recording the readings on Micrometer. The correlation and graphical analysis was done to draw the results. The Correlation analysis showed a significant positive relationship between photoelectric current and Intensity of light. The graphical analysis also highlighted a positive linear relationship. Therefore, it was concluded that intensity of light directly affects the variations in photoelectric Current. We have also find the mean value of intensity of light which is: L = 3.477739682cd

1.2

INTRODUCTION

The phenomenon of photoelectric effect was discovered by a German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1887. There are some factors which impact the process of photoelectric effect including frequency, energy and intensity of light. The variations in photoelectric current which is produced as a result of photoelectric effect are caused by the intensity of light. Various studies have been conducted to explain the relation between variations of photoelectric current and intensity of light. According to Maxwell's equations, the magnitude of electric field increases as the intensity of light increases because the magnitude of electric field vector of a light wave is directly proportional to square root of the intensity of light. In short, equations of Maxwell supports that intensity of light positively affects the variations in photoelectric current. I have discussed further explanation in theory section.

1.3

THEORY

The photoelectric effect is defined as: Emission of electrons from the surface of matter including metals, gases, liquids and nonmetallic solids when light of a certain frequency is incident on it is known as photoelectric effect. Factors affecting photoelectric current is produced as a result of photoelectric effect therefore understanding the factors which influences the photoelectric effect is very important. The previous studied on photoelectric effect are presented the following factors which may have a direct impact on photoelectric effects. Uses of photoelectric current Photoelectric effects is a very useful phenomenon and its importance can be understood from

5

following uses of photoelectric current produced as a result of photoelectric effects used in different types of photo diodes and photo transistors. Photoelectric current of positive or negative charges is also produced in spacecraft due to photoelectric effect. Apart from all of above mentioned uses, photoelectric current produced during photoelectric effect also has a great use in night vision devices.

1.4 a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

APPARATUS

Photocell fitted in a box having a lamp. Meter rod. Micro ammeter. Resistor. Intensity meter. Solar cell 220 volts main.

1.5

DIAGRAM

Photo Cell

semico nducto r

metal

Light Source

d + RL

A 1.6

PROCEDURE

a) b) c) d) e)

I gave a supply of 220 V to the lamp. I switched the lamp on and move from zero position toward the lamp. I recorded this distance “d” and reading of photocell current “I”. I reduced the distance “d” with an interval of 5 cm and then so on. Now if the distance of lamp from photocell is denoted by “d” then the intensity of light L is proportional to 1/d2. So that it becomes, L= constant / d2 f) I plotted a graph between intensity “L” and current “I” and it is a straight line which indicated that intensity of light is proportional to photo current.

6

g) Now I performed the same experiment by directly measuring intensity of light at the distances on which photocurrent has been measured. I plotted two graphs one between “1/d2”and “I” another between “L” and “I”. h) It confirmed that the graphs are same indicating that L ∝ 1/d2.

1.7

PRECAUTIONS

It was a very simple experiment however, in order to avoid the impact of other factors on the experiment, I took following precautions: a) I took distance readings by placing the lamp at larger distance and then I changed the lamp with regular steps. The reason was that the smaller values of distance might have reduced the accuracy of readings. b) The same light source was used for all readings to keep the frequency constant. However, before conducting the experiment, I ensured that no other electric source was attached to the apparatus and the light of right fre...