Geo. Sem. 1 Final Study Guide PDF

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Environmental Geoscience
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Name: ________________________ Mrs. Tobin – Period _____________ GeoScience Date: _________________________

GeoScience Semester 1 Final Exam Vocabulary (100 vocab words total)

Chapter 2 + 26 (20) 1. Scientific inquiry 2. Hypothesis 3. Theory 4. Law 5. Evidence 6. Dependent variable 7. Independent variable 8. Fusion 9. E=mc2 10. Photosphere 11. Chromosphere 12. Corona 13. Sun’s core 14. Radiative zone 15. Convection zone 16. Sunspots 17. Solar wind 18. Astronomy 19. Geocentric model 20. Heliocentric model Chapter 28 (32) 1. Electromagnetic spectrum 2. Radio waves 3. Gamma rays

4. Redshift 5. Blueshift 6. Light-year 7. red giant 8. supergiant 9. white dwarf 10. brown dwarf 11. main-sequence star 12. black hole 13. galaxy 14. Spiral galaxy 15. Elliptical galaxy 16. Barred-spiral galaxy 17. Irregular galaxy 18. Milky Way 19. Protostar 20. Planetary nebula 21. Constellation 22. Parallax 23. Luminosity 24. Apparent magnitude 25. Absolute magnitude 26. H-R Diagram 27. Nebula 28. Big Bang Theory 29. Universe 30. Doppler effect 31. Wavelength 32. Beginning stage

Chapter 4, 8, 10 (23) 1. Crust 2. Mantle 3. Outer core 4. Inner core 5. Lithosphere 6. Asthenosphere 7. Mid-ocean ridge 8. Convergent boundary 9. Divergent boundary 10. Transform boundary 11. Collision boundary 12. Subduction boundary 13. Mantle convection 14. Pangaea 15. Hot spot 16. Continental drift 17. Plate tectonics 18. Rift valley 19. Deep sea trench 20. Earthquake 21. Shadow zone 22. P wave 23. S wave

Water Chapters (25) 1. Universal solvent 2. Melting point 3. Frost wedging 4. Erosion 5. Weathering 6. Mechanical weathering 7. Chemical weathering 8. Water cycle 9. Specific heat 10. Viscosity 11. Surface tension 12. Polarity 13. Surface currents 14. Hydrogen bonds 15. Condensation 16. Sublimation 17. Deposition 18. Melting point 19. Atmosphere 20. Geosphere 21. Hydrosphere 22. Biosphere 23. Rock cycle 24. Sedimentary Rock 25. Cementation

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Geo-Science Semester 1 Final Exam Review Chapters 2+26 1. List at least 7 traits or similarities that all great scientists share. 2. Why do scientists form hypotheses? 3. How do scientists test their ideas? 4. Why do scientists peer review each other’s work? List at least 3 reasons. 5. Which two tools have recently revolutionized Earth science? 6. List the steps involved in scientific inquiry and explain what happens at each step. 7. Explain the difference between a hypothesis, a theory, and a law. 8. Be able to pick out and identify the hypothesis, the independent and dependent variables, and the conclusion in a scientific inquiry paragraph. Ex.- A student wondered if talking to plants made them grow. She talked to one of her ferns for 2 weeks, but did not talk to her other fern. She gave them the same amount of food, sunlight, and water. After 2 weeks, that plant she talked to did not seem to grow any bigger than the plant she did not talk to. a. What is this student’s hypothesis? b. What is the independent variable? c. What is the dependent variable? d. What should be this student’s conclusion? 9. Analyze, interpret, and construct graphs from data and written instructions. a. Which is the x-axis? b. Which is the y-axis? c. On which axis does the dependent variable go? d. On which axis does the independent variable go? e. What must you include when labeling your axis? f. Do you have to use a ruler when making graphs and data tables? g. Do you have to include a title? h. How big should your graph be? i. Do you have to number every line, or can you skip lines when numbering your graph? j. When do you use a line graph? k. When do you use a bar graph? 10. a. Explain in detail what happens during fusion, b. what elements are involved, and c. where it takes place. 11. What happens to the temperature of the sun’s layers as you go from the inside to the outside? A 12. How does the sun get its energy? 13. How far away is the sun from Earth (in km)? 14. How does the Earth’s magnetic field interact with the solar wind? 15. Which astronomer proposed the Heliocentric Model of the B universe? 16. List at least 5 ways that the sun affects our lives? 17. How many Earth’s could fit inside the sun? 18. a. What is the sunspot cycle, and b. how many years is it between each sunspot activity? C 19. What effect can magnetic storms have here on Earth? AC List at least 2 things. 20. In the diagram of the sun on the right: a. What does letter AB D A represent? b. letter B? c. letter C? d. letter D? e. letter E? f. letter AC? g. letter AB? E

Chapter 28 1. a. How do scientists determine if a star is moving away from Earth? (What exactly happens? Two things.) b. What is this called? 2. a. How do scientists determine if a star is moving toward the Earth? (What exactly happens? Two things.) b. What is this called? 3. Which two elements make-up most stars? 4. a. What type of star is our sun? b. What type of star will it become in the next stage of its life? 5. Put the following in order from smallest to largest: red giant, sun, galaxy, Earth 6. a. What is the name of the galaxy we live in? b. What type of galaxy is it? 7. List the stages in the order that they would occur in the birth of a star. 8. List the stages in the life of a low-mass star from ‘birth’ to ‘death’.

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9. What happens to the wavelength of waves as you move from radio waves down to gamma rays on the electromagnetic spectrum? 10. Be able to determine the name of each type of galaxy shown on the left. a. Which letter represents a spiral galaxy? b. A barred-spiral galaxy? c. An irregular galaxy? d. An elliptical galaxy? e. The Milky Way galaxy? A

B

C

D

A

B

C D

11. Be able to interpret the H-R Diagram to the left, which is a plot of the absolute magnitude and temperature for a selected sample of stars. a. Which letter represents the main-sequence stars? b. The supergiants? c. The red giants? d. The white dwarfs? e. The brightest star? f. The dimmest star? g. The hottest star? h. The coolest star? 12. a. What color are the hottest stars? b. The coolest stars? 13. What types of numbers represent the brightest stars magnitudes? 14. What two things can the spectrum of a star’s light tell us about the star? 15. Explain why the apparent magnitude of the sun is -26.5, whereas the absolute magnitude is +4.8. 16. a. Are most galaxies redshifting or blueshifting? b. What does this tell us about the universe? Chapters 4, 8, 10 1. a. Draw and label on a diagram the following parts of the Earth’s interior (Diagram on p.72): crust, mantle, outer core, inner core b. Give descriptions of the characteristics of each of the four layers. 2. Which is the only layer of Earth where life has been found?

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3. What creates the Earth’s magnetic field? 4. How do we know that the Earth’s magnetic field has reversed or changed over time? 5. Explain how most scientists think our solar system formed. (What did it form from?) 6. What was Earth’s original surface thought to have been like? 7. List three reasons why the young Earth was so hot. 8. What type of geologic activity is occurring on Iceland? 9. Analyze and interpret a diagram of a chain of volcanic islands forming over a hot spot., like the diagram shown here. a. Which island formed first? b. Which island formed last? c. Where is a new island likely to form? d. Where would you likely find an active volcano? e. In which direction are the islands moving? f. Which of our 50 states formed in this way?

10. a. Compare and contrast the 3 types of plate boundaries (convergent, divergent, transform) and the 2 types of convergent boundaries (collision, subduction) and b. draw and label pictures of each. c. Which type of plate boundary formed the Himalayas? d. The San Andreas Fault? e. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge? f. Mt. St. Helens? g. the islands of Indonesia? 11. How do scientists classify plate boundaries? 12. How are the plates along the mid-Atlantic ridge moving in relation to one another? 13. a. Where can the youngest rocks on the ocean floor be found? b. The oldest? c. Explain why. 14. True/False: The breakup of Pangaea is continuing today. 15. What were the names of the two continents that formed when Pangaea first began to break apart? 16. How fast is Hawaii moving towards Japan? _____ cm/year 17. a. Discuss all four of the pieces of evidence that Wegener used to support his idea of continental drift. b. Why was his hypothesis not widely accepted? c. What year did he propose his idea of continental drift? 18. Explain how the theory of plate tectonics helps to predict the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes. 19. Explain why plate boundaries are the sites of most volcanic and earthquake activity. What is happening here? 20. At a subduction boundary, where is a volcano most likely to form? 21. a. Which types of waves (P or S) are detected in an earthquake’s shadow zone? b. Explain why. c. Which types of waves cannot travel through liquids? d. What happens to the speed of P and S waves when they travel though material that is less dense?

Water Chapters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

What is the only substance on Earth to commonly exist in all three states of matter? During evaporation and sublimation, heat energy is _____ by the water molecules. During condensation and deposition, heat energy is _____ by the water molecules. a. What type of water do surface currents carry if they are flowing away from the equator? b. Towards the equator? What percentage of the Earth’s water is a. in the oceans? b. in the ground? c. in glaciers and ice? d. in the form of usable fresh water? List and describe two effects that strong hydrogen bonds have on water molecules. How much of the Earth is covered in ocean water? Why does solid water (ice) float on liquid water? Where is most of Earth’s liquid water found? Which unique property of water allows it to create caves, as well as stalactites and stalagmites, in underground limestone deposits? Which unique property of water allows it to help regulate the temperature of living organisms? Which unique property of water allows it to keep animals alive by helping their blood to be able to circulate through their bodies? Why are Norway and Iceland warmer than other places located just as far north of the equator as they are? Water can absorb _____ times as much heat as sand before changing temperatures.

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14. a. How does water effect the viscosity of magma? b. How does it affect the melting point? 15. a. Explain how water helps to form sedimentary rocks. b. Which types of rocks are deposited first/closest to the shoreline? c. Which are deposited last/furthest from the shoreline? 16. Which type of rock covers most of the Earth’s surface? 17. True or False: Water contributes to the rock cycle by helping to form soil and by helping to form new types of rocks. 18. What three conditions help in the formation of magma? 19. Why does magma rise to the surface? (List two reasons.)

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