Human GEO Exam 1 guide PDF

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Study guide for Human Geo exam 1 ...

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TOPIC 1 · Geographia o “geo” meaning Earth and “graphein” meaning to describe · What is geography? o Analyzing connections between places and how things in one place impact another o The science of spatial relationships o Linkage between physical science and humans o Why things happen where they do o Not about just knowing where places are, but why o Different subspecialties of geography relate to other sciences · Defining questions o What is located where o Why things are located where they are o What is the significance of the location o How are things connected, or not connected, across space · Thinking geographically o How, what, why, where o Where something occurs can shape the how and the why · Migration o Dialect resembles settlement patterns of countries that colonized in that area o Speech patterns migrate as humans migrate · Dialect maps o Pop/soda/coke/soft drink o Pronunciation of the same word o Different words for the same thing · Geographic patterns o Type of cancer incident due to expose to difference chemicals in different areas o Social connections where banks won’t give leases to minority races o Lowest percentage of income looks different when looking at country, state, and county level · Relating history and geography (graphs on PowerPoint) o Slave population and vote on secession by country were correlated § Explains the free state of Jones and the secession on West Virginia o Russian speakers supported the Russian annexation of Crimea from Ukraine § Ukrainian territories based on historical conquerors § Very divided in terms of ethnic backgrounds o Napoleon Bonaparte’s Russian campaign, the infographic shows the amount of soldiers o Cotton exports from the US · Relating biology and geography (graphs on PowerPoints) o Heart disease, stroke, cancer are the top three leading causes of death for whites and

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blacks o Blacks have higher rates o High percentage of black areas correspond to high percentages of diseases such as § Heart disease, smoking, inactivity, obesity, diabetes, poverty, low health and wellness o Whites and blacks have higher obesity rates in the south and Midwest Cholera o John Snow was a physician known for his use of anesthesia o Everyone though the miasma theory explained the illness § Disease spread through the air o Sourced cholera outbreak in Soto, London o Used maps to trace deaths o Traced to singular water pump Relating politics and geography o Red vs blue phenomenon § State/county shaded according to majority vote § Red and blue states are misleading § Historically have switched colors § Breaking states down by country shows a much different story o Separated by state § State adjusted by population o Separated by country § County adjusted for population o Looks very different when comparing state map to county map o Can also look at dots proportional to the number of winning votes Location and distance o Shape relationships o Absolute distance § Measured in standard measurements o Absolute location § Measured by latitude and longitude o Relative distance § Measured in terms of time, cost, etc. § Can vary o Relative location § Conceptualized in relation to something else The Incredibly Shrinking World theory o Relative distance has shrunk due to globalization and transportation o 1500-1840 § 10mph: Horse drawn coaches and sailing ships o 1850-1930 § 36mph: Steamships § 65mph: Steam locomotives

o 1950s § 300-400mph: Propeller aircrafts o 1960s § 500-700mph: Jet passenger aircrafts o Model is not entirely accurate, relative distance has shrunk between large, urbanized cities · Isochronic Maps o Francis Galton § was the first one to use these to show travel time in 1881 from London to different parts of the world in days § published for “Proceedings of the Royal Geographic Society” § transcontinental railroad is important o Some places are much more connected due to geography, history, and development o Airline connectivity shows most popular flight paths and popular airports o 24-hour flight video § Shows flights are more frequent to land at specific times of the day in specific places o Internet connectivity o US national security taps o Facebook friend connectivity o Cost per minute of calling from the US to the rest of the world in 1998 changes dramatically from the map in 1994 § A lot of places are much closer, but some are still far apart · Scale o Technical meaning concerning the ration between a measurement on a map and the corresponding measurements on earth’s surface § Verbally: 1 inch to 1 mile § Graphically |-----------|-----------| § Fraction: 1:1000 · Graphically is the best approach if maps are to be englarged o A more general meaning to define an area of interest/ study § National scale: US § Regional scale: South East § Urban scale: Atlanta § Intra-urban scale: city neighborhood o Changing the scale changes perception o Scale manipulation § Total number of African Americans example § Georgia has a large number on the national scale § Atlanta has a large number on the regional scale § Central Atlanta has a large number on the urban scale · Red lining o Drawing a circle around places businesses will not serve

· Data manipulation o Percentage map vs total number map o Bigger cities will have more total people but not necessarily a higher percentage

TOPIC 2 · Maps o o o o

Visual representations of earth Cultural products Texts to de deconstructed Brain Harley § Maps display discourse, expression of power, symbolic values, communicate interest, doctrines, world views o Geoff King § Maps give us a sense of place in the world, spatially orient us o We shape maps and they shape us § Maps reflect how we view the world because we create them, and culture shapes us § We are shaped by maps as we adopt cartographers’ views of the world o Purpose of maps § Highlight trade routes § Navigation § Claim to territory § Know of friendly or unfriendly tribes § Natural resources · Historical people o Hecataeus of Miletus § Wrote “Ges Periods” or travels around the earth § One of the first maps § Only included the world around the Mediterranean o Aristotle § Spherical earth § Vulcanism o Eratosthenes § Calculated the circumference with shadows in Egypt § Divided earth into five climate zones § Made map with more of Europe, Libya, India, and Britain o Ptolemy § “Guide to Geography” § Introduced mountain ranges, rives, Asia (China), and equator to his map · The dark ages

o Loss of cartographic knowledge replaced by theoretical interpretations o T and O maps § Orbs and crosses o Maps were primarily made by priests o 3 was an important number § Shem: Asia § Ham: Africa § Japheth: Europe § These were Noah’s three sons, represented holy trinity o 40 was an important number § 40 days of the flood § 40 days in the desert with Moses o Circles used to represent the infinity of God o Theological explanations · Muslim scholars o Muhammed al ’Idrisi created “Tabula Rogeriana” in 1154 o One of the most advanced ancient world maps o Modern consolidation created form atlas pages o Columbus’s map originated from this map o Didn’t lose the cartographic knowledge that Europe did · Religion in maps o 15th century o God likes balances so there were lots of made up land masses draw in the southern hemisphere · Early Maps o Hereford Mappa Mundi § 1300 § Heaven was drawn above the map and the underworld below § Center was Jerusalem § Showed the journey of the Israelites § East is put at the top to represent the rebirth of the son o Ebstorf Map § 1235 § Christ’s head, hands, and feet were at the ends of the world § Garden of Eden § Alexander the Great § Used dragons and other images to fill empty space o John Cary Map § 1805 § Showed mountain rage “Kong” that extended from the east coast of Africa to the west coast § These mountains don’t exist § Shows that maps aren’t always accurate

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o Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Ji Do § World map created in Korea o Theatrum Orbis Terrarum § Created by Abraham Ortelius § First modern atlas 17th century growth in Europe o Geographical spread of merchant capitalism o Rise of nationalism and nation states o The renaissance and scientific revolution o Development of the printing press o Rediscovery of God’s eye view of the world o Rediscovery of perspective Renaissance o Rebirth of knowledge o Centered in Florence o Mid-century map based on Ptolemy’s “Geography, 2nd Century” o Increase in exploration called for more accurate maps o Colonization needed maps to claim land o Printing press made maps for accessible Perspective o Important in understanding scale, distance, and representation o More scientific view o Viewer is outside the image o Gives the illusion of depth and proportion o Encourages grid thinking and spatial organization o Vanishing point, distance point, horizon line, orthogonals and transversals Art o Plans des Dimes de Champeaux § Structures were drawn as seen from the front or side § 15th century o Tapisserie de I’apocalyps § 14th century § No perspective § People’s size is represented by their status § Purpose was not to be realistic o Palais des Paes § 15th century § No perspective § Shows details of people who should be far away o San Lorenzo Church § Medici family § Vanishing point is at the altar, creating emphasis o Jesus Handing the Keys to St. Peter

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§ People in the background are smaller o Satire on False Perspective § 1754 § William Hogart § Makes fun of lack of perspective Chinese art o Jiehau § Ruled line paintings o Used ruler to give accurate architectural forms o 3rd to 4th century AD o Way ahead of Europe Aboriginal maps o Intersection of cartography and art o Circes and dots represented campgrounds o Tell where food, water, and people are o Horseshoe symbol represents people o Different cultures understand the landscape and graphically present it in different ways o Have to understand aboriginal culture to read the maps o Possum coat maps § New South Wales, Australia § Drew maps on inside of possum skin and used the skin as coats Rebbilib o Marshall island stick charts o Palm ribs bound by coconut o Mark islands and currents Distortion of Maps o Start with the real world § Selection of features § Choices of projections o Map making § Representation of features § Symbol choice and color o Map § How data is understood o Map reading § How the world is perceived § Seeing is culturally shaped § See shapes by how the brain functions Pareidolia o Brain process that looks for known patterns in things o Tries to make sense of things we haven’t seen before o Faces in rose/Mars/purse o Fusiform area of the brain

o Interpretations are culturally and historically specific · Optical illusions o Make sense of what we see o Once the image has been formed we can’t un-see it · Map projections over time o Go from 3D to 2D for convenience and ability to zoom o Have to change scale for 3D · Data symbols o Circle proportion map § Circle size is proportional to population size o Choropleth maps § Darker shade represents larger population o Dot maps § One dot represents every x number of people o All show the same thing in different ways o Each are the most appropriate for different types of data · Inaccurate world perceptions o Due to poor mapmaking skills § Color/symbol choice o Due to poor map reading skills o Symbols can be too big or not represent the right type of information · The global grid o Expressed in degrees, minutes, seconds o Latitude is always first o Lines of longitude become points at the equator o International date line is opposite of the prime meridian o Latitude § North/south lines § Distance from the equator § Equator is at 0 degrees § Poles are at 90 degrees § Lines are called parallels § 69.06 miles between each line o Longitude § East/west lines § Distance from the prime meridian § Lines are called meridians § No natural bound for determining lines § International date line is at 180 degrees E/W o 1884 world conference § Fixed prime meridian in Greenwich § Crossed the pyramids § Aligned with the stars

§ Royal observatory in Greenwich · Time zones o Based on prime meridian o Countries can determine what time zones they want and where, so zones are not straight lines § China is all in the same time zone, increases national identity but is impractical o US has four different times zones § Georgia switched from Central to Eastern o All of the US except for Arizona observes daylight savings o To find the time difference between two places… § Add longitudes if they are in opposite hemispheres § Subtract longitudes if they are in the same hemisphere § Divide degrees by 15 degrees/ hour § Round up § Add that number to the place that is behind § Compare times · Six properties of the global grid o All meridians are of equal length o All meridians converge at the poles and are true N/S lines o All lines of latitude are parallel to equator and are true E/W lines o Parallels decrease in length as you approach the poles o Meridians and parallels intersect and right angles o The scale on the surface of the earth is the same everywhere and in every direction · Rectangular maps o Either… § Put Europe in the center and cut the Pacific Ocean § Put America in the center and cut Asia § Put Asia in the center and cut the Atlantic Ocean o Subconsciously isolates parts of the world that are on opposite sides o Creates false sense of far distance o People think to fly from NYC to Russia you have to follow a straight path, but you can fly over the arctic § Essentially “fly off the map” · Arctic circle distortion o If you look at them from a rectangular map or from the equator they appear as a straight line o If you look at them from the pole they appear as a circle · Three types of map projections o Cylindrical § Big piece of paper around the earth § Touches at one parallel § Light source at the center § Projects shadows of outlines onto paper

§ Trace landmasses § Parallels get further away § Typically placed at the equator o Conic § Formed using a cone rather than cylinder § Touches at standard parallel § Location of standard parallel depends on height of the cone § No distortion at standard parallel § Short and wide cones produce higher parallels and vice versa § Typically placed in the mid latitude region § Represents shapes reasonably well § Distances only true at standard parallel § Used to depict small regions in one hemisphere § Parallels are curved o Azimuthal/plane § Formed by placing a plane surface tangent to the globe at a single point (usually the poles) § Equidistant projection · Distance and direction are true from the source point § When centered at places other than the poles, meridians and parallels become very distorted § When centered at the poles there is less distortion of the arctic/Antarctic than any other projection § Only map one hemisphere at a time § Concentric circles from the center § Used for accurate measures of distance when not centered at a pole · Different projections to know o Goode’s projection § Homolosine projection § Preserves relative area and limits distortion of shapes § Splits into lobes § Oceans are all divided § o Dymaxion Fuller Map § Projects surface of globe onto icosahedron (20-sided triangular polyhedron) § Unfolded and flattened into 2D § Continents are “one island” nearly all connected § Disrupts order but preserves shape and sizes o Mollweide projection § 1805 § Equal area projection § Meridians are curved § Map is an oval §

o Interrupted Mollweide projection § Split into lobes § To keep meridians more straight § Angles are better preserved § o Peter’s projection § Early 1970s § Medians are straight lines § Shapes are more distorted than in the Mollweide projection § Rectangular § · Mercator projection o 1569 o Gerardus Mercator o Cylindrical projection o Global grid principles that are followed § Lines of longitude are true N/S lines § Lines of latitude are true E/W lines § Meridians and parallels cross at true 90-degree angles o Global grid principles that are NOT followed § Meridians don’t meet at the poles § Parallels are equal in length § Parallels are not equidistant § Distance on map scale varies with latitude o Distortions § Scale distorts area and shape § N/S and E/W distortion § Equator is not in the center, 2/3 of the Mercator map is actually in the northern hemisphere § Europe is 2x the size of South America in real life, but South America appears bigger on the map § Sizes are messed up and gives false ideas of landmasses o Why do we use Mercator? § Largely used for navigation § Straight line anywhere is a constant compass bearing § Rhumb lines can be drawn anywhere · Constant compass bearing § Angles are constant § No other map produces constant rhumb lines o · Magnetism o Magnetic north and south poles are not exactly at the geographic north and south poles o They move around

o Equator is also magnetic, and the geographical equator does not match the magnetic · Map properties o Area § Equal area/equivalent projections allow representation of areas in constant proportion to reality § Distort shape o Shape § Conformal projections accurately record shape but distort area § A map cannot be equivalent and conformal o Distance § Often distorted § Equidistant projections show true distance in all directions from a central point o Direction § Often distorted § Mercator projection shows true direction o The purpose of the map determines which type of projection you want to use o Most map makers use a combination of area and shape distortion · Great circle lines o Shortest distance between two points on earth’s surface o The center point of any great circle is the center of the earth o Equator is the only parallel that is a great circle route o All longitude lines are great circle routes o Planes stick to great circle routes · Gnomonic projection o Only projection where great circle lines appear as straight lines o Rhumb lines are curved o Nonconformal o Vs Mercator § Rhumb lines are straight and great circle lines are curved · Suggestive mapping o Aliens § With certain projections, it looks like all the great wonders of the world line up in a straight line, but if you look at other projections this is wrong § People use this to justify aliens § Just no o President Ford § Flew from DC to Japan and stopped to refuel in Alaska § Was on the great circle route but it looked like he went out of his way on certain projections o Cold War § Mercator projection makes the Soviet Union look so much larger than in Peter’s projection · Changing global perspective

o We are used to seeing north at the top of the map but flipping upside down is not wrong o Delle Navigationi § African map from 1556 Venice § Upside down but makes sense if you’re sailing south from Europe o Different locations are placed at the center in advertising o Cartograms § Size is adjusted for population size § Can be applied to other things such as oil production or carbon emission · Propaganda maps o How to lie with cartography o Germany 1934 § Made the country look locked in so the Nazi’s needed to be in control § Gave insight to German superiority § Shows Germany as a victim § When they were losing the took Britain off the map to make it look like they controlled more land than the allies · Geopolitical maps o Show weapons that allies have o USSR missile map showed all the missiles in the US and where they were pointed o Angola map left out a lot of territory and was misleading · Mental maps o In our heads o American-centric § Don’t know much outside of US and vacation places o Franco-centric § Know more countries, could reflect education system o Indonesian-centric § Indonesia and middle east labeled because they are Muslim o Can also be reflective of social classes

TOPIC 3 · Key demographic facts o Global population: 7.6 billion o Global population in 1950: 2.5 billion o Africa has the largest rate of increase o Asia has the largest total increase · Key changes in demography o Post WWII global south population has increased dramatically o World population is currently growing at a slowing rate o 1950/1960: huge dip in g...