GES120 2Review - Exam review 2 PDF

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The two processes that determine the world's current biodiversity are ________. A) allopatric and sympatric speciation B) mutation and humidity C) endemism and climate change D) extinction and speciation rates E) breeding and ecotourism Answer: D The fossil record clearly shows that ________. A) several different species can hybridize to produce a single new species B) large complex organisms evolved long before simple organisms C) nearly all species that have existed in the past still exist today D) all species evolve from pre-existing species E) new species appear suddenly and fully differentiated, without an ancestral species Answer: D Endemic species ________. A) are generalist organisms B) cause disease C) are invasive species that cause extinction D) have high rates of mutations that lead to large numbers of offspring species E) are found only in one place on the planet Answer: E High population density can ________. A) hinder organisms from finding mates B) decrease biodiversity within a species C) decrease competition D) decrease the use of resources E) increase the incidence of disease transmission and food scarcity Answer: E The carrying capacity is the ________. A) maximum sustainable population size that a given environment can support B) greatest number of different niches possible in a given area C) potential growth in the number of species in a given area D) limitation on numbers of species in a community E) average number of offspring carried to term by a species Answer: A Density-dependent factors ________. A) include the effects of a hard freeze on an entire community B) include the effects of a hard freeze on a single species within a community C) cause decreases in the number of species in an ecosystem

D) include the effects of rainfall on an entire community E) include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community Answer: E Heavy rains and mudslides cause a river to change course, isolating two groups of lizards of the same species from one another. Over a long period of time ________. A) one group will probably become an endemic species B) both groups will probably become native species C) the groups will probably diverge genetically, and speciation may occur D) one or both groups will probably emigrate E) one or both groups will probably become invasive species Answer: C Of the following, ________ would be most vulnerable to extinction. A) a moth, brought to the United States for silk production, escaping into the wild and becoming established B) an orchid endemic to a mountaintop forest where logging is occurring C) a healthy plant, such as a pine tree, that completely dominates its native environment D) a migratory flock of warblers stopping along its winter route to feed on local resources that are now gone and replaced by a suburb E) a mold that attacks corn in the field Answer: B One example of artificial selection is ________. (picking desired traits) A) crossing a lion and a tiger to get a sterile animal called a liger (no) B) the process of allopatric speciation (no) C) pet dogs that have gone wild, mate with coyotes, and live in packs D) humans placing a gene for human insulin into a flower E) broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts bred from Brassica oleracea Answer: E In a population of field mice, an example of an adaptive trait that could help with reproduction and/or survival would be ________. A) being brightly colored so other mice could see it B) needing to eat more food than other mice its size C) spending less time searching when food is scarce D) having a bit more fur to withstand cold weather E) having shorter legs to be lower to the ground Answer: D Phylogenetic trees ________. A) are a threatened species in Costa Rica's Monteverde National Park B) predict future evolutionary trends C) trace the flow of evolutionary change and diversification for a particular group of

organisms D) have branches each of which represents an extinction event E) are usually at odds with fossil evidence Answer: C An example of a density-independent factor would be ________. A) blight (a mold disease) in a wheat field B) cold weather causing a lake to freeze C) suitable nest sites for a flock of warblers D) a plant parasite, such as mistletoe E) a specialist searching for the one species of plant that is its food Answer: B A coyote, which can alter its food intake to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals, is considered to be ________. A) a generalist, able to be flexible in major dimensions of its niche B) a specialist, which has no niche C) an endemic, able to be flexible D) density-independent and resource neutral E) a clumped species Answer: A Of the following, ________ are the major factors that determine a population's growth rate. A) adaptation, competition, birth rate, and emigration B) survivorship, natural selection, mutation, and extinction C) birth rate, death rate, emigration, and immigration D) immigration, climate, emigration, and population distribution E) limiting factors, carrying capacity, mutation rate, and inbreeding Answer: C An S-shaped population growth curve best describes ________. A) logistic growth B) exponential growth C) unlimited growth D) rapid and steady rate growth E) slow and constantly changing growth Answer: A The niche of a species is the functional role of that species in the community that it belongs to. Species that have narrow niches (have very specific resource requirements) are said to be ________, while species that have broad niches (able to use a wide array of resources) are known as ________. A) generalists; specialists B) specialists; generalists

C) widespread; restricted D) r-selected species; K-selected species E) Type 2 species; Type 3 species Answer: B Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by ________. A) hot temperatures and dry conditions (low precipitation) B) cold temperatures and wet condition (high precipitation) C) hot temperatures and wet conditions (high precipitation) D) moderate temperatures and moderate amounts of precipitation E) cold temperatures and low amounts of precipitation Answer: D Zebra mussels ________. A) are native to Canada B) were introduced into the United States in the early 1900s C) are presently restricted to the Great Lakes and Hudson River, but they are expected to spread rapidly in the near future D) are an invasive exotic species that clogs water intake pipes at factories, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities E) excrete waste that facilitates algae blooms and subsequent eutrophication of lakes Answer: D Individuals of a single species fighting over access to a limiting resource is one example of ________. A) resource partitioning B) competitive exclusion C) symbiosis D) interspecific competition E) intraspecific competition Answer: E ________ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars. A) Producers B) Primary consumers C) Secondary consumers D) Detritivores E) Heterotrophs Answer: A Which of the following is true about top predators? A) They are likely to be keystone species. B) They are likely to be herbivores. C) They are likely to be producers.

D) They include bacteria and fungi. E) Their removal increases biodiversity. Answer: A Secondary succession ________. A) requires primary succession to precede it B) occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscape (primary succession; not correct) C) occurs after a fire or flood D) typically begins with lichen colonizing rock (primary succession; not correct) E) is predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community (not always predictable; not correct) Answer: C Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a ________ association. A) pathogenic B) homeopathic C) parasitic D) symbiotic E) benthic Answer: D Kelp ________. A) is eaten by sea otters B) is an invasive exotic species C) suffers intense herbivory from zebra mussels D) suffers intense herbivory from sea urchins E) is pollinated by sea urchins Answer: D The SLOSS dilemma involves controversy over ________. A) habitat fragmentation and preserve design B) controlled burns C) drilling for oil in ANWR D) government subsidies to farmers E) tax dollars spent to build roads in national forests Answer: A Deforestation ________. A) decreases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere B) prevents erosion C) causes population explosions D) has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions E) is not widespread in North America Answer: D

Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging? A) Local residents use most of the timber, and the government does not want to impose restrictions on its citizens. B) They are desperate for economic development. C) Most timber is extracted by local corporations that support the government. D) There is an infinite supply of timber because wood is a renewable resource. E) No ancient forests remain in developing nations. Answer: B Clear-cutting ________. A) restricts timber harvesting to mountaintops B) is harvesting trees from coastal areas only C) involves elimination of subsidies to farmers D) is a form of violent protest favored by radical environmental organizations E) removes all trees from an area Answer: E Second-growth forests ________. A) are forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed from an area B) are forests whose timber has second-rate value C) are less abundant on Earth today than they were 500 years ago D) in North America are mostly in British Columbia and Alaska E) are those forests in the National Parks that are protected from logging Answer: A Forests reach their greatest ecological complexity when ________. A) they are frequently burned B) they are frequently logged using clear-cutting C) in the early stages of recovering from logging D) they are mature and exhibit a multi-level canopy E) shrubs and other ground cover plants are absent Answer: D “Edge effects" are a particular problem when ________. A) forests undergo biodiversity changes as a result of climate change B) trying to manage and protect island biodiversity C) preserves have a very large area and a roughly circular shape D) formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments E) wildlife corridors are developed in urban landscapes Answer: D

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to

increase the levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides in our atmosphere. Measurable warming of Earth due to these greenhouse gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can lower levels of sea ice and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increases sea surface temperatures, which can subsequently melt permafrost in the tundra and increase the intensity of hurricanes in vulnerable areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. If the climate warms significantly, tundra permafrost may melt, exposing underlying rock. This may next lead to ________ in the community. A) primary succession B) secondary succession C) coevolution D) climax E) facilitation Answer: A Of the following, ________ might be first to populate an area after permafrost melts in response to global climate change. A) lichens B) shrubs C) aspen trees D) grasses E) hardwood trees Answer: A Intense hurricanes that may result from global warming can directly lead to ________ within impacted terrestrial communities. A) primary succession B) secondary succession C) coevolution D) climax E) facilitation Answer: B Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees and other pollinators begin search for food earlier in response to this, this would represent ________ within the community. A) primary succession B) secondary succession C) coevolution D) climax E) extirpation Answer: C

The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________. A) predation B) parasitism C) herbivory D) mutualism E) competition Answer: D The relationship between flowering plants and caterpillars is best described as ________. A) intraspecific competition B) parasitism C) herbivory D) mutualism E) interspecific competition Answer: C Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and dryer. This would result in ________. A) a shift from grassland toward chaparral and savanna B) the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions C) less stress on groundwater and aquifers to irrigate crops in the area D) the need to plant temperate deciduous forest trees to shelter crops from the sun E) increased damage from crop pests and diseases Answer: B Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of invasive species? A) High Reproductive Rate B) Great Dispersers C) Lack of Natural Enemies D) Specialists E) Generalists Answer: D When determining population viability, researchers must know ____________________. A) the minimum population size to prevent extinction B) the size needed to maintain genetic diversity C) life history characteristics of the population D) all of the above Answer: D

True/False (A – True; B – False)

41. All nonnative species become invasive. 42. Minimum viable population size is a lower bound on the population of a species, such that it can survive in the wild. 43. Extirpation is the disappearance of a population from a given area, but not the entire species globally. 44. Mutualism is when animals feed on tissues of plants. 45. Resource partitioning allows competing species to coexist by specializing in resources. 46. Each trophic level contains only 1% of the energy of the trophic level below it. 47. Extinction reduces species richness, while speciation decreases the number of new species. 48. New growth forests have overall higher diversity than older forests. 49. A single organism can evolve. 50. Maximum sustainable yield is the maximum amount of resource extraction without depleting the resource from one harvest to the next....