Exam 2 Review Session PDF

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Exam 2 Review...

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Psyc 255 Exam 2 Review Session 

50 questions o Multiple choice o Application of key concepts o 100 points

Chapters 6-9 Chapter 6 (make note of all keyword definitions from the book!!!) Main concepts  Construct validity of surveys and polls  Question format  Well-worded questions  Participants responses  Construct validity What question uses a Likert scale? Which question is a forced-choice question? Which question is an open-ended question? Which question uses a semantic differential format? Dr. Gahan decides to create a questionnaire asking about people’s attitudes toward immigration (a socially sensitive topic). He should be most concerned about which of the following? a. People self-reporting more than they can know b. Fence sitting c. Faking good d. Negatively worded answers A political survey asks this question “would you vote for or against a political candidate who supports reducing federal spending on welfare and education? What is the problem with this question? a. Forced-choice b. Double barreled c. Double negative Curfew should never be restricted Double negative How do reverse worded items address shortcut? a. Slow down readers, making them answer more carefully b. Give people more answer options c. Easier for people to read d. Ask each question twice so the participant answers twice

Observational data cannot… Be used in making causal claims Observer bias vs. observer effects (expectancy effects) Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following? a. Observer bias b. Observer effects c. Reactivity d. Yea-saying Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with reactivity? a. Blending in with the surroundings b. Measuring the behavior unobtrusively c. Waiting to begin observations d. Using multiple observers Masked, or blind, study designs are designed to deal with… a. Yea-saying bias b. Bystander effect c. Observer bias d. Faking good Big concepts Surveys and observational methods are used to measure variables. Researchers must consider the construct validity of the survey and observation.

Chapter 7 (make note of all keyword definitions from the book!!!)  Sampling – estimating the frequency of behaviors and beliefs Main ideas  Generalizability  Populations and samples  Probability sampling  Nonprobability sampling A population is to ____ as a sample is to ___. a. Entire; part b. Census; people c. Internal; external d. Researchers; participants If researchers measure every member of a population, they have… a. Conducted a census

Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample? a. Simple random sample b. Systematic sample c. Convenience sample d. Stratified random sample Unbiased = probability Which of the following is NOT an example of nonprobability sampling? a. Quota sample b. Purposive sample c. Snowball sample d. Oversample Demonstrating a purposive sampling technique Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims? a. Accuracy can usually be determined b. Chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique c. Most important thing is to consider the size of the sample d. Frequency claims cannot be interrogated Know the difference between a cluster sample vs. multistage sample Multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment? Random sampling – everyone has an equal chance of being selected (deals with external validity) Random assignment – experimental study to control internal validity (“randomly” assigned groups) Big concepts When a claim makes a statement about a population of interest, you can ask how well the sample that was studied represents the population in the claim. Chapter 8 (make note of all keyword definitions from the book!!!) Bivariate correlational research Bivariate – two variables Main ideas Causal inferences Restriction of range Correlation coefficient of r= .37 (magnitude of this effect is…) a. Moderate b. Small c. Large

d. Weak Coefficient strength values 0.1 – small 0.3 – moderate 0.5 – large A scatterplot is used when one variable is ___ and the second variable is ___. a. Categorical, quantitative b. Categorical, categorical c. Quantitative, quantitative d. Nominal, quantitative A bar graph is used when one variable is ____ and the second variable is ___. The p value indicates what? The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero-association population What does statistically significant mean? ***If it is equal or less than 0.5% than it is statistically significant!!!*** What is the difference between the r and the p? r = strength of the relationship between 2 values (importance of relationship) p = alpha value Statistical significance depends on what? a. Sample size and number of variables analyzed b. Direction of the association and strength of the association c. Sample size and effect size d. Number of outliers and direction of the association Which of the following is true of moderators? a. They help establish a cause and effect relationship b. They decrease effect size c. They can inform external validity d. They weaken statistical significance Which is the following is NOT true of outliers? a. They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes b. Can affect the direction of an association c. Can affect the strength of an association CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION!!! To make causal inferences, 3 criteria must be met. What are the 3 causal criteria?

Big concept Association claims are supported by correlational research Chapter 9 (make note of all keyword definitions from the book!!!) Multivariate correlational research Multivariate = more than 2 variables What is an autocorrelation? What is a cross-sectional correlation? What is a cross-lag correlation? What two rules of causality do cross-lag correlations address? Temporal precedence and covariance What is the reason multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental design (according to the textbook)? Multiple regression design, ____ is to independent variable as ____ is to dependent. Predictor variable, criterion variable Define parsimony What is a third variable? What is a mediating variable? *Both third variables and mediating variables use multiple regression techniques.*...