ANT Exam 1 Review session PDF

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ANT Exam 1 Review session -30 multiple choice -3 short answers (define who what where when and why is it important and how it applies to the course)

TERMS: Ethnography: The product of field work -A “deep dive” into a culture -The written work of a research -“-ography—like a biography Ethnology: Characteristics of various people/ relationships between them -The study of a people/ culture -“-ology”—like biology etc. Ethnocentrism: Viewing a different culture through your own cultural lens. Believing that your culture is superior/ your way is the best way -i.e. Believing that eating bugs is gross, women not shaving is gross -In other cultures, these things are normal Cultural relativism: Culture must be viewed through its own lens -Beliefs and customs should be understood in terms of that culture -Franz Boaz was a big pusher of cultural relativism (environment influences behavior more than biology). Absolute cultural relativism: You can never question or change the cultures or traditions of a culture, you must view the culture through their own systems and values. -Issue with this: You must still pay attention to universal human rights, even when looking through the cultures lens. Critical cultural relativism: The only thing you can question or change a culture or tradition is if it interferes with universal human rights -When/ what can you interfere with these human rights? -No real answer, very difficult to find the line, and what people say is right or wrong changes depending on who you ask. Biological Determinism: All human behavior is innate and determined by genes, brain size and biological attributes. Cultural Constructivism: The view point that comes from culturally constructed ideas, not biologically determined. -Cultural construct: culturally learned behaviors, norms in society but not REAL. -i.e. Meal times, gender, etc.

Off reservation boarding school: White people wanted the next generation of natives to be assimilated people so they forced them to speak English and live in the American culture, no contact with families and forced to live like white schools, so when they went back to their tribes they couldn’t connect to the culture anymore—lost their sense of identity. Didn’t have a connection to white society or native society. Purpose was to have them live in white society. Language is symbolic: Words have nothing to actually do with the word, we are not drawing a hieroglyphic/ picture. Enculturation: When group takes on characteristics and norms of a certain group or culture. -How we pass on culture Localization: Taking a globalized item/ service to a local custom/ preference -Taking global trends and making them local -i.e. Green Tea Oreos in China, McDonalds worldwide Globalization: Taking local trends and making them global/ international Class: How society is divided based on perceived social or economic status Scientific racism: The belief that there are biological traits that define race and make certain people inferior to others. These traits are actually arbitrary, and have absolutely no scientific base. **Race is a cultural construct, not real biology. Sapir Whorf Hypothesis: Language shapes our perspective of the world/ our world view. -i.e. Easter Island only have a present tense, not past or future. They culturally live in the present/ in the now because they actually cannot talk about it. They have a totally different perception of time, it shapes their entire world view. -The fact that languages don’t have certain words or cannot translate correctly says something about the society/ culture/ world views. -Or, if languages have multiple ways to say something says something about their values. Informed consent: Knowledge of all possible consequences before participation IRB (Institutional Review Board): Monitors research that involved human subjects -Must submit an application describing what you’re going to do, why, who etc. exactly -Deals with ethical concerns, and prevents bad things from happening to human subjects -i.e. Stanford Prison Experiment, not ethical, had huge consequences -Tribe in Africa—celebrated the time -Rituals about age Field methods: How we approach research -The different ways we collect information

-i.e. Participant observation, interviewing, etc. Etic: Looking at a culture from the outside -More big picture view, looking from the outside -External -Top down Emic: Looking at a culture from the inside -Emic perspective: taking the perspective of an inside -Based on the members of a culture -Bottom up. 4 step process of understanding culture 1. Gaining entrée (Documentation, doing things by the book, consider ethics, understand what you’re getting yourself into, do preliminary research, talking to leaders of community to make sure its okay you are there/ respectful/ that they want you there/ not stepping on any toes etc.) 2. Culture shock 3. Establishing rapport 4. Beginning to understand the culture (the end game of research) Ethics: Moral principles that govern a persons behavior Consultant: Someone who provides expert advice professionally Domestication: To tame/ breed an animal or plant to become dependent so that it cannot live in the wild. Foraging: Searching and obtaining food and provisions Original affluent society: Hunters and gatherers first group that weren’t existing just to survive, but had free time and other values. Horticulture: The practice of garden cultivation and management Extensive agriculture: When a plot uses all the nutrients, you move to another plot and let the first plot rest, using many different crops on the land. More amount of land. Intensive agriculture: Constantly reusing the land, using irrigation, fertilizer etc., to keep the land usable. Also uses only one main crop. -**US mostly grows corn Pastoralism: Branch of agriculture that deals with raising live stock

Nomadism: Someone who has no fixed residence, roams around, often moving seasonally within a well defined territory Plantation: Area of land where plants, trees, coffee or tobacco is grown and farmed by “resident labor” (Historically slaves) Industrialization: When an economy is transformed from agriculturally focused to manufacturing focused. Cultural integration: When one group assumes some beliefs, practice and rituals of another group without sacrificing characteristics of their own culture. -How we pick and choose different aspects of culture that we want to observe -i.e. If you go visit/ live in China, you might pick up certain aspects of the culture but you will not be completely assimilated into the culture immediately. Nature/ Culture Dualism: The relationship between us and our environment around us -Nature/ culture debate -Cooked documentary: Increasing separation between us and the food we eat -Over time we have furthered our self from nature -With the rise of industrialization, our culture is becoming more disconnected from nature -Looking at nature as raw materials, not for its full worth. Sustainable modes of production: How are we using the land we are given? Is this sustainable? -**Intensive agriculture is not very sustainable, overusing the nutrients Taboo: A social custom prohibiting/ discouraging certain acts and behaviors Puberty/ Adolescence: Cultural transition/ change are always significant -Rites of passage Politics: Public power -Power is relational -In order to have power, there must be people for you to rule -Slave owners power exists only in relation to the slaved individual Band: Group of unsettled people, related by blood or marriage, leaders don’t have much power, not much social stratification. Tribe: Several bands coming together, often share land or common language, common culture, occupy common territory, leaders have more power, but still not a lot, get the power by charisma, not voted/ born into role.

Chiefdom: Several bands/ tribes/ groupings together, but with strict social stratification, stick to their own kind States: Several communities with social stratification/ hierarchy, have control and power over their population, taxes, land, military etc. They have the “oomph” to get things done that other groups don’t have. Everyone lives in some sort of state. Urban slavery: Responsibilities in the city, hired out to projects/ work, some are highly skilled (i.e. artisans) who would have skilled job, mobile but with controlled movement (had to wear badges to prove who they were), their landscape was inspired by plantation (in housing, they had their own space but were monitored by their owners). Denmark Vessey & Emmanuel AME: Freed black man, involved with urban slavery, group of urban slaves who planned a revolt, one of the founders of the church Emmanuel AME (the oldest AME church, center of civil rights in the community, long term activist center) Triangulation: Having multiple sources of info to draw a conclusion -In a field work situation, she worked with consultants, people in communities and academics and colleges who helped her translate to develop a conclusion about this culture...