Giancoli - Physics Principles with Applications 7th c2014 txtbk PDF

Preview

Summary

Download Giancoli - Physics Principles with Applications 7th c2014 txtbk PDF

Description

www.elsolucionario.net

ww.elsolucionario.n

www.elsolucionario.net

PHYS ICS

SE

VE N T H

ED

ITION

PR INCIPLES WITH APPLICATIONS

D OUwww.elsolucionario.net G L A S C . G I AN C O L I

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

www.elsolucionario.net President, Science, Business and Technology: Paul Corey Publisher: Jim Smith Executive Development Editor: Karen Karlin Production Project Manager: Elisa Mandelbaum / Laura Ross Marketing Manager: Will Moore Senior Managing Editor: Corinne Benson Managing Development Editor: Cathy Murphy Copyeditor: Joanna Dinsmore Proofreaders: Susan Fisher, Donna Young Interior Designer: Mark Ong Cover Designer: Derek Bacchus Photo Permissions Management: Maya Melenchuk Photo Research Manager: Eric Schrader Photo Researcher: Mary Teresa Giancoli Senior Administrative Assistant: Cathy Glenn Senior Administrative Coordinator: Trisha Tarricone Text Permissions Project Manager: Joseph Croscup Editorial Media Producer: Kelly Reed Manufacturing Buyer: Jeffrey Sargent Indexer: Carol Reitz Compositor: Preparé, Inc. Illustrations: Precision Graphics Cover Photo Credit: North Peak, California (D. Giancoli); Insets: left, analog to digital (page 488); right, electron microscope image—retina of human eye with cones artificially colored green, rods beige (page 785). Back Cover Photo Credit: D. Giancoli Credits and acknowledgments for materials borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on page A-69. Copyright © 2014, 2005, 1998, 1995, 1991, 1985, 1980 by Douglas C. Giancoli Published by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635.

www.elsolucionario.net

Pearson Prentice Hall is a trademark, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on file

ISBN-10: ISBN-13: ISBN-10: ISBN-10:

0-321-62592-7 978-0-321-62592-2 0-321-86911-7: ISBN-13: 978-0-321-86911-1 (Books a la Carte editon) 0-321-76791-8: ISBN-13: 978-0-321-76791-2 (Instructor Review Copy)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRK—17 16 15 14 13

www.pearsonhighered.com

www.elsolucionario.net

Contents

3 KV

INEMATICS IN ECTORS

TWO DIMENSIONS; 49

3 – 1 Vectors and Scalars 3 – 2 Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods 3 – 3 Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar 3 – 4 Adding Vectors by Components 3 – 5 Projectile Motion 3 – 6 Solving Projectile Motion Problems *3 – 7 Projectile Motion Is Parabolic 3 – 8 Relative Velocity Questions, MisConceptual Questions 67–68 Problems, Search and Learn 68–74 Applications List Preface To Students Use of Color

x xiii xviii xix

1

INTRODUCTION, MEASUREMENT, ESTIMATING

1 1 1 1

– – – –

1 2 3 4

1 1 1 *1

– – – –

5 6 7 8

The Nature of Science Physics and its Relation to Other Fields Models, Theories, and Laws Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures Units, Standards, and the SI System Converting Units Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis Questions, MisConceptual Questions 17 Problems, Search and Learn 18–20

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 1

Force Newton’s First Law of Motion Mass Newton’s Second Law of Motion Newton’s Third Law of Motion Weight—the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force 4 – 7 Solving Problems with Newton’s Laws: Free-Body Diagrams 4 – 8 Problems Involving Friction, Inclines Questions, MisConceptual Questions 98–100 Problems, Search and Learn 101–8 4 4 4 4 4 4

– – – – – –

1 2 3 4 5 6

www.elsolucionario.net 2 4 5

5 8 11 13 16

2

DESCRIBING MOTION: KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION 21

– – – – – – – –

Reference Frames and Displacement Average Velocity Instantaneous Velocity Acceleration Motion at Constant Acceleration Solving Problems Freely Falling Objects Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion Questions, MisConceptual Questions 41–42 Problems, Search and Learn 43–48

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

DYNAMICS: NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

22 23 25 26 28 30 33 39

5

CIRCULAR MOTION; GRAVITATION

5 – 1 Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion 5 – 2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 5 – 3 Highway Curves: Banked and Unbanked *5 – 4 Nonuniform Circular Motion 5 – 5 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 5 – 6 Gravity Near the Earth’s Surface 5 – 7 Satellites and “Weightlessness” 5 – 8 Planets, Kepler’s Laws, and Newton’s Synthesis 5 – 9 Moon Rises an Hour Later Each Day 5–10 Types of Forces in Nature Questions, MisConceptual Questions 130–32 Problems, Search and Learn 132–37

50 50 52 53 58 60 64 65

75 76 76 78 78 81 84 87 93

109 110 112 115 118 119 121 122 125 129 129

iii

www.elsolucionario.net Force

8R

OTATIONAL

Displacement

8 8 8 8 8

– – – – –

1 2 3 4 5

8–6 8–7 8–8 *8 – 9

6W

ORK AND

ENERGY

6 – 1 Work Done by a Constant Force *6 – 2 Work Done by a Varying Force 6 – 3 Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle 6 – 4 Potential Energy 6 – 5 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 6 – 6 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation 6 – 7 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy 6 – 8 Other Forms of Energy and Energy Transformations; The Law of Conservation of Energy 6 – 9 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems 6–10 Power Questions, MisConceptual Questions 161–63 Problems, Search and Learn 164–69

142 145 149

Angular Quantities Constant Angular Acceleration Rolling Motion (Without Slipping) Torque Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics Rotational Kinetic Energy Angular Momentum and Its Conservation Vector Nature of Angular Quantities Questions, MisConceptual Questions 220–21 Problems, Search and Learn 222–29

9 SE

TATIC EQUILIBRIUM; LASTICITY AND FRACTURE

138 139 142

MOTION

9 9 9 9 9 9 *9

– – – – – – –

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

The Conditions for Equilibrium Solving Statics Problems Applications to Muscles and Joints Stability and Balance Elasticity; Stress and Strain Fracture Spanning a Space: Arches and Domes Questions, MisConceptual Questions 250–51 Problems, Search and Learn 252–59

www.elsolucionario.net

7L

INEAR

7 7 7 7

– – – –

1 2 3 4

7–5 7–6 *7 – 7 7–8 *7 – 9 *7–10

MOMENTUM

Momentum and Its Relation to Force Conservation of Momentum Collisions and Impulse Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions Elastic Collisions in One Dimension Inelastic Collisions Collisions in Two Dimensions Center of Mass (CM) CM for the Human Body CM and Translational Motion Questions, MisConceptual Questions 190–91 Problems, Search and Learn 192–97

iv CONTENTS

150

151 155 156 159

170 171 173 176 177 178 180 182 184 186 187

10 F

LUIDS

10–1 10–2 10–3 10–4 10–5 10–6 10–7 10–8 10–9 10–10 *10–11 *10–12 *10–13 *10–14

Phases of Matter Density and Specific Gravity Pressure in Fluids Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure Pascal’s Principle Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity Bernoulli’s Equation Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle: Torricelli, Airplanes, Baseballs, Blood Flow Viscosity Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation, Blood Flow Surface Tension and Capillarity Pumps, and the Heart Questions, MisConceptual Questions 283–85 Problems, Search and Learn 285–91

198 199 203 204 206 208 210 212 215 217

230 231 233 238 240 241 245 246

260 261 261 262 264 265 266 268 272 274 276 279 279 280 282

www.elsolucionario.net

11 O

SCILLATIONS AND

WAVES

11–1 Simple Harmonic Motion—Spring Oscillations 11–2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 11–3 The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM 11–4 The Simple Pendulum 11–5 Damped Harmonic Motion 11–6 Forced Oscillations; Resonance 11–7 Wave Motion 11–8 Types of Waves and Their Speeds: Transverse and Longitudinal 11–9 Energy Transported by Waves 11–10 Reflection and Transmission of Waves 11–11 Interference; Principle of Superposition 11–12 Standing Waves; Resonance *11–13 Refraction *11–14 Diffraction *11–15 Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave Questions, MisConceptual Questions 320–22 Problems, Search and Learn 322–27

12 S

*12–5

12–6 12–7 *12–8 *12–9

293 295 298 301 303 304 305 307 310 312 313 315 317 318 319

13

359

13–1 Atomic Theory of Matter 13–2 Temperature and Thermometers 13–3 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 13–4 Thermal Expansion 13–5 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature 13–6 The Ideal Gas Law 13–7 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law 13–8 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro’s Number 13–9 Kinetic Theory and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature 13–10 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 13–11 Real Gases and Changes of Phase 13–12 Vapor Pressure and Humidity *13–13 Diffusion Questions, MisConceptual Questions 384–85 Problems, Search and Learn 385–89

14 H

328

Characteristics of Sound Intensity of Sound: Decibels The Ear and Its Response; Loudness Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns Quality of Sound, and Noise; Superposition Interference of Sound Waves; Beats Doppler Effect Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom Applications: Sonar, Ultrasound, and Medical Imaging Questions, MisConceptual Questions 352–53 Problems, Search and Learn 354–58

329 331 334

14–1 14–2 14–3 14–4 14–5 14–6 14–7 14–8

Heat as Energy Transfer Internal Energy Specific Heat Calorimetry—Solving Problems Latent Heat Heat Transfer: Conduction Heat Transfer: Convection Heat Transfer: Radiation

www.elsolucionario.net 335

340 341 344 348 349

359 361 363 364 367 369 370 372 373 376 377 379 381

390

EAT

OUND

12–1 12–2 *12–3 12–4

292

TEMPERATURE AND KINETIC THEORY

391 392 393 394 397 400 402 403

Questions, MisConceptual Questions 406–8 Problems, Search and Learn 408–11

15 T

HE

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 412

15–1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 15–2 Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law *15–3 Human Metabolism and the First Law 15–4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics—Introduction 15–5 Heat Engines 15–6 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps 15–7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 15–8 Order to Disorder 15–9 Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death *15–10 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law *15–11 Thermal Pollution, Global Warming, and Energy Resources Questions, MisConceptual Questions 437–38 Problems, Search and Learn 438–42 CONTENTS

413 414 418 419 420 425 428 430 431 432 434

v

www.elsolucionario.net

16

ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD

16–1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation 16–2 Electric Charge in the Atom 16–3 Insulators and Conductors 16–4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope 16–5 Coulomb’s Law 16–6 Solving Problems Involving Coulomb’s Law and Vectors 16–7 The Electric Field 16–8 Electric Field Lines 16–9 Electric Fields and Conductors *16–10 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication *16–11 Photocopy Machines and Computer Printers Use Electrostatics *16–12 Gauss’s Law Questions, MisConceptual Questions 467–68 Problems, Search and Learn 469–72

17 E

LECTRIC

POTENTIAL

17–1 Electric Potential Energy and Potential Difference 17–2 Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field 17–3 Equipotential Lines and Surfaces 17–4 The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy 17–5 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges *17–6 Potential Due to Electric Dipole; Dipole Moment 17–7 Capacitance 17–8 Dielectrics 17–9 Storage of Electric Energy 17–10 Digital; Binary Numbers; Signal Voltage *17–11 TV and Computer Monitors: CRTs, Flat Screens *17–12 Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) Questions, MisConceptual Questions 494–95 Problems, Search and Learn 496–500

443 444 445 445 446 447 450 453 457 459

18 E

LECTRIC

18–1 18–2 18–3 18–4 18–5 18–6 18–7 *18–8 *18–9 *18–10

460 462 463

473 474 477 478 478 479

CURRENTS

The Electric Battery Electric Current Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors Resistivity Electric Power Power in Household Circuits Alternating Current Microscopic View of Electric Current Superconductivity Electrical Conduction in the Human Nervous System Questions, MisConceptual Questions 520–21 Problems, Search and Learn 521–25

19 DC C

IRCUITS

19–1 19–2 19–3 19–4 19–5 19–6 19–7 19–8

EMF and Terminal Voltage Resistors in Series and in Parallel Kirchhoff’s Rules EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and in Parallel RC Circuits—Resistor and Capacitor in Series Electric Hazards Ammeters and Voltmeters—Measurement Affects the Quantity Being Measured Questions, MisConceptual Questions 549–51 Problems, Search and Learn 552–59

www.elsolucionario.net

vi CONTENTS

482 482 485 486 488 490 493

20 M

AGNETISM

20–1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields 20–2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields 20–3 Force on an Electric Current in B a Magnetic Field; Definition of B 20–4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field 20–5 Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire 20–6 Force between Two Parallel Wires 20–7 Solenoids and Electromagnets 20–8 Ampère’s Law 20–9 Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Moment 20–10 Applications: Motors, Loudspeakers, Galvanometers *20–11 Mass Spectrometer *20–12 Ferromagnetism: Domains and Hysteresis Questions, MisConceptual Questions 581–83 Problems, Search and Learn 583–89

501 502 504 505 508 510 512 514 516 517 517

526 527 528 532 536 538 539 543 546

560 560 563 564 566 570 571 572 573 575 576 578 579

www.elsolucionario.net

21

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND FARADAY’S LAW

21–1 21–2 21–3 21–4

Induced EMF Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field Electric Generators Back EMF and Counter Torque; Eddy Currents Transformers and Transmission of Power Information Storage: Magnetic and Semiconductor; Tape, Hard Drive, RAM Applications of Induction: Microphone, Seismograph, GFCI Inductance Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field LR Circuit AC Circuits and Reactance LRC Series AC Circuit Resonance in AC Circuits Questions, MisConceptual Questions 617–19 Problems, Search and Learn 620–24

21–5 21–6 21–7 *21–8 *21–9 *21–10 *21–11 *21–12 *21–13 *21–14 *21–15

22 E

LECTROMAGNETIC

WAVES

22–1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Maxwell’s Equations 22–2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves 22–3 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 22–4 Measuring the Speed of Light 22–5 Energy in EM Waves 22–6 Momentum Transfer and Radiation Pressure 22–7 Radio and Television; Wireless Communication Questions, MisConceptual Questions 640 Problems, Search and Learn 641–43

590 591 592 596 597 597 599 601 604 606 608 610 610 611 614 616

625 626 627

24 T

HE

WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT

24–1 Waves vs. Particles; Huygens’ Principle and Diffraction *24–2 Huygens’ Principle and the Law of Refraction 24–3 Interference—Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 24–4 The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion 24–5 Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk 24–6 Diffraction Grating 24–7 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy 24–8 Interference in Thin Films *24–9 Michelson Interferometer 24–10 Polarization *24–11 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) *24–12 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere Questions, MisConceptual Questions 705–7 Problems, Search and Learn 707–12

www.elsolucionario.net

23 L

IGHT:

GEOMETRIC OPTICS

23–1 The Ray Model of Light 23–2 Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror 23–3 Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors 23–4 Index of Refraction 23–5 Refraction: Snell’s Law 23–6 Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics 23–7 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing 23–8 The Thin Lens Equation *23–9 Combinations of Lenses *23–10 Lensmaker’s Equation Questions, MisConceptual Questions 671–73 Problems, Search and Learn 673–78

629 632 633 635 636

644 645 645 649 656 657 659 661 664 668 670

25 O

PTICAL INSTRUMENTS

25–1 25–2 25–3 25–4 25–5 25–6 25–7 25–8 25–9 *25–10 25–11 *25–12

Cameras: Film and Digital The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses Magnifying Glass Telescopes Compound Microscope Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors Limits of Resolution; Circular Apertures Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the l Limit Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification Specialty Microscopes and Contrast X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography (CT Scan) Questions, MisConceptual Questions 738–39 Problems, Search and Learn 740–43 CONTENTS

679 680 681 682 685 687 690 692 693 698 699 703 704

713 713 719 722 723 726 727 728 730 732 733 733 735

vii

www.elsolucionario.net

26

THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

26–1 Galilean–Newtonian Relativity 26–2 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity 26–3 Simultaneity 26–4 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox 26–5 Length Contraction 26–6 Four-Dimensional Space–Time 26–7 Relativistic Momentum 26–8 The Ultimate Speed 26–9 E = mc2 ; Mass and Energy 26–10 Relativistic Addition of Velocities 26–11 The Impact of Special Relativity Questions, MisConceptual Questions 766–67 Problems, Search and Learn 767–70

744 745 748 749 750 756 758 759 760 760 764 765

28 Q

UANTUM MECHANICS OF ATOMS

28–1 Quantum Mechanics—A New Theory 28–2 The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; the Double-Slit Experiment 28–3 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 28–4 Philosophic Implications; Probability versus Determinism 28–5 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms 28–6 Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom; Quantum Numbers 28–7 Multielectron Atoms; the Exclusion Principle 28–8 The Periodic Table of Elements *28–9 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number...