Glbh 181 final terms PDF

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GLBH 181 terms w Pipitan...

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descriptive epidemiology

Study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations * Analysis of disease patterns according to * Person * Place * Time main uses: find out health status of pop what causes disease implement programs to control and prevent

analytical epidemiology

Identifying factors underlying disease or health events. Testing a hypothesis by studying how exposures relate to outcomes.

Intervention development

Using information from analytical studies, develop strategies centered around an important exposure factor. Test these strategies with clinical trials.

disease clusters

An unusually high incidence of a particular disease or disorder occurring in close proximity in terms of time and/or geography * Temporal * Spatial * Spatio-temporal Purpose: * Assess the health status of a population * Generate hypotheses about causal factors for the disease

* Plan and evaluate public health programs Strengths of Mortality Data

Learn about health status of population See who needs help Death rates provide information on the ultimate impact of a disease

Limitations of Mortality Data

Information about the cause of death may be inaccurate because it is sometimes difficult for physicians to assign a single cause of death Lack of standardization of diagnostic criteria. Stigma associated with certain diseases, e.g., AIDS, may lead to inaccurate reporting

Mortality data are inadequate examining non fatal diseases. They give an incomplete picture of the health of a population Maclachlan- seasonal variation in tuberculosis

In Australia, seasonality of tuberculosis diagnoses was more pronounced in areas where UV exposure is reduced and vitamin D deficiency is more prevalent. Our findings suggest vitamin D deficiency as a factor in disease activation

9.1% of the global disease burden could be prevented by

• Increasing access to safe drinking water • Improving sanitation and hygiene • Improving water management to reduce risks of water-borne infectious diseases, and accidental drowning during recreation

Main disease contributing to wash related

diarrhea

disease burden

malaria malnutrition

WASH interventions

* Hygiene * Sanitation * Water supply * Water quality

HIV vs AIDS

HIV- human immunodeficiency virus, attacks bodies immune system (T-cells) AIDS- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. People with AIDS have such badly damaged immune systems that they get an increasing number of severe illnesses, called opportunistic illnesses

HIV infectiousness

The ability to transmit the disease Viral load and stage of disease: The amount of HIV in your body fluids is called your viral load. Early stages of the infection=acute HIV infection. They have a large amount of virus in their blood and are very contagious. But people with acute infection are often unaware that they're infected because they may not feel sick right away or at all. Increased infectiousness. After this period of early infection, viral load usually drops. decreased Other STIs increases infectiousness Condoms decreased ART decreased

HIV infectability

The risk of a person acquiring the disease Positive for STIs increased- They can cause lesions on the skin, making it easier for HIV to enter the body

Condoms decreased Prep decreased HAART

¡ In 1996, was discovered that the use of 3 different drugs could dramatically slow viral progression and improve survival ¡ "Highly active anti-retroviral therapy" (HAART) ¡ Today, all HIV treatment regiments are "highly active"

ART/ARVs

ART-antiretroviral therapy uses ARV antiretrovirals prevents HIV from multiplying (making copies of itself), which reduces the amount of viral load to undetectable level

primary vs secondary prevention

Primary HIV prevention reduces the incidence of transmission. people without HIV. Condom (-) Male circumcision (-) On PrEP (-) Secondary prevention reduces the prevalence and severity of the disease through early detection and prompt intervention. people with HIV Condoms, ART, sterile needles, don't share needles

Biomedical prevention strategies (what are they)

¡ Medical interventions to ¡ Decrease "infectiousness" among positives ¡ Decrease risk or "infectability" among negatives

"Treatment as Prevention"

HIV prevention methods that uses antiretroviral treatment (ART) to decrease the risk of HIV transmission. ART can reduce the HIV viral load in an individual to such a low level that blood tests can't detect it. As long as someone's

viral load remains undetectable they cannot transmit HIV to others. Prep- Once daily oral pill containing ARVs, reduce the risk of getting HIV Vaginal ARV-Ring

A new HIV prevention product for women in the form of a vaginal ring that slowly releases antiretroviral medicine

HPTN 052

the first randomized controlled trial ¡ 54% of subjects were from Africa ¡ 97% were heterosexual couples ¡ HIV-positive partner randomized to either 1. Start treatment immediately found that HIV-positive people taking ARVs were more than 20 times less likely to infect their partners than untreated people

Tripartite Model of intergroup bias

Attitudes and emotions= Prejudice Thoughts/beliefs, cognition= Stereotypes Behavior/action= Discrimination. Engaging in deferential treatment toward a Stigma is the area where these 3 things converge

conceptualizing stigma

1. LABEL ppl 2. Then they're linked with STEREOTYPES 3. Viewed as outgroup- SEPARATION 4. STATUS LOSS, ppl tend to have less power, status, education, general society 5. DISCRIMINATION- Labeled ppl are discriminated against Can happen at different levels Individual- Healthcare workers, Family members, Strangers

Institution- healthcare, police, employers, poblic policy Self- internalized stigma Stigma as a mark, experience, process

Mark or attribute- race, religion, etc Experience- target of prejudice, stereotype, and discrimination A process- starting from being labeled to discriminatio

types of stigma

"an abomination of the body"= physical disabilities, ppl in wheelchairs, missing limbs "blemishes of individual moral character"= drug addicts, sex workers, poor ppl, mental illness "tribal"=stigma of race, nation, religion, family, or other social group "courtesy" stigma = acquired through affiliation e.g., the mother of a child who has schizophrenia

factors that vary between stigmas

Concealability= How obvious or detectable is the circumstance? Course= Is it reversible? i.e. weight Disruptiveness= How strained are interactions? Aesthetics= Is there a negative affective reaction that is almost instinctual? Origin Is the circumstance under the person's control? Peril= Is fear or threat induced?

Reasons why stigma exists

In hierarchy some ppl must have less power and resources so ppl at top have more-Caste system india. Someone has to clean the latrines Exploitation and domination-Slavery. Used to legitimize and justify slavery

Keep ppl in Get ppl to conform with social norms gender socialization

the process of learning the social expectations and attitudes associated with one's sex. occurs in family domain (daughters have stricter rules than sons), work domain (men have more leadership roles), etc

faceism

Mens faces more likely to be shown in ads whereas females bodies are only showed without their faces. Functions to focus on men's characterthey're whole beings. Whereas womens physical characteristics are highlighted

what does gender shape

1. society and cultures= Patriarchal societies: more power and status allocated to men 2. social interactions= Cognitive impact of gender, First question ppl ask baby is is it a boy or girl. Very important social category Doing gender- we perform what it means to be a man or a woman. We present ourselves in a very strategic and purposeful way depending on the expectations we have Gender and communication-Verbal and nonverbal

3. individuals- more contemporary forms Ambivalent sexism

Hostile and benevolent attitudes towards women hostile= belief women are inferior and threatening to take over men's rightful (dominant) place benevolent= women are special beings that should be cherished and protect Men endorse hostile sexism more than women

Women endorse benevolent sexism just as much as men Gender and nonverbal communication

Women smile more than men. The idea that women have more pressure to be seen as nice warm and likable. Provides encouragement and validation to person they're talking to Men look at women when talking to them but look away when women talk Men take up more space, women take up less space to be more submissive

objectification theory

we live in a society where womens bodies are looked at evaluated and always potentially objectified Central tenant of theory: Bc of this, it makes women internalize this, thinking themselves as objects to be appreciated by other. Potentially create a state where you are chronically concerned how you look. Called self objectification Results in losing the sense of self as someone who can act in the world Disrupts attention on other things How do i look rather than how i feel or what can i accomplish Not seen in men

swimsuit/sweater study

Women and men randomized to either put on sweater or swimsuit. While they were wearing this, subjects had to take a math test. It was found that men in swimsuit or sweater had no impact on how they performed. Women wearing swimsuits performed worse. Shows that when you are in a heightened state of objectification theory, you have diminished cognitive performance

descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotypes

Descriptive: How men and women are Prescriptive: How men and women should be

Overall: Men are and should be more agentic than women dominant, ambitious, independent, and self-concerned. avoid healthcare because they are self-sufficient, repress emotions leads to substance abuse, risk taking, aggressive Women are and should be more communal than men warm, caring, concerned for others interventions and programs to reduce HIV reduce stigma at the community level related stigma through interventions through education of factual info about HIV/AIDS implemented among university students in the U.S. without the use of specific stigma measures. A few studies about interventions aimed at increasing the willingness of healthcare providers to treat PLHAs and at developing coping skills among PLHA Mass-media campaigns relating to HIV/AIDS knowledge health belief model

people's beliefs about whether they are at risk for a disease or health problem, and their perceptions of the benefits of taking action to avoid it, influence their readiness to take action It was developed to help understand why people did or did not use preventive services offered by public health departments in the 1950s CVD...