EEMB2 quizlet for final with terms PDF

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Evolution Final!!!! Flashcards | Quizlet

6/27/21, 2 :44 PM

tionary Biology

Evolution Final!!!! Terms in this set (168) artificial selection

individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics

Evolution

Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.

Extinction

A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.

natural selection

variation + differential reproduction + heredity = Natural selection

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Variation (Darwin)

More

eneration

that c

exists

amon

heritable.

Those

etter suited

to the

Give a general

...

definition of evolution that Darwin would recognize? (1.2)

Contrast Darwin's

...

theory of Evolution to Lamarck's theory? (1.2 and 2.1)

Describe Darwin's

...

theory and distinguish between observations and inferences? (2.1)

Explain what Lyell and

...

Malthus provided for Darwin? (2.1)

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Describe the principal

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...

problem that Darwin was unable to explain? (2.1)

Benoit de Maillet

- earth is billions of years old - all life 'evolved' from primitive sea creatures - early race of sea humans lives among us hiding their tails

Erasmus Darwin

- earth is old ('millions of ages') - all life is descended from on 'living filament' - first formal theory of evolution

Georges Curvier

comparative anatomy vertebrate paleontology - didn't believe in evolution - 'catastrophism' a necessary theory to fit everything into ~6,000 year ---> extinction, as a fact

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

invertebrate zoology - use and disuse adapts organisms to local envts - inheritance of acquired characterstics ----> evolution

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Charles Lyell

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'Principles of Geology' has been called the most "important scientific book ever" - countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time, all according to known natural laws

overview of the ideas

1.) what mechanism could explain why species

becoming established

changed through time?

and the major questions that remained

2.) How would species be able to change?(what was the mechanisms of heredity?)

Does Darwins book ever

Just once, 'evolve"

mention evolution? he used 'descent with modification' instead

How modern synthesis of evolution combined with advances in genetics

allele frequency

how often a form of a gene appears in a gene pool (or population)

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*allele

gene pool

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alternate version of a gene

Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population

genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

*gene

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).

*genotype

Hardy-Weinburg principle

genetic makeup of an organism

- dominant gene will not drive out recessive* - genotype frequencies may be predicted* - genotype frequencies will not change* - shows value of considering all alleles: the gene pool

*under certain conditions

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What are the five conditions

1. very large population

for the Hardy Weinberg

2. isolated from other populations

principle to apply?

3. no mutations 4. random mating 5. no natural selection

Microevolution

changes in a gene pool over time which MAY lead up to speciation evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period. Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.

*phenotype

observable traits of an organism which are determined by its genetic makeup and by environmental influenced on those genes

New Synthesis

melding of the ideas of Darwin & Mendel the combination of natural history and genetics

Describe the

...

conditions under which allele frequencies will not change? (3.1)

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Define microevolution

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...

in terms of alleles and the gene pool? (3.1)

Calculate Hardy

...

Weinberg genotype frequencies for 2 alleles? (3.1)

Calculate allele

...

frequencies given genotype frequencies? (3.1)

Describe the forces

...

that can lead to evolution? (3.2)

Effective population size (Ne)

is the number if individuals that would lose

genetic variability at the same rate at the population with N individuals the number of individuals in a population who contribute offspring to the next generation

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Extinction vortex

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a genetic consequence of genetic drift and inbreeding process in which small populations continue to decline in a cycle of problems leading to extinction

Founder effect

When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population (or spread), this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population

Genetic Bottleneck

temporary dramatic reduction in size of a population or species - the size of the surviving population matters - the time spent at low population matters - likely outcome of genetic bottleneck is loss of genetic diversity

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Gene flow

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Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population (new alleles to POPULATION NOT SPECIES)

Genetic drift

random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations A change in the allele frequency of a population (gene pool) as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

Inbreeding

Mate with individuals more LIKE yourself. Decreases heterozygotes, increases homozygotes

Mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Mutational meltdown

the accumulation of harmful mutations in a small population, leading to loss of fitness and decline of the populations size which may lead to further accumulation of deleterious mutations due to fixation by genetic drift when there are many more deleterious than favorable mutations

Positive assortative mating

Negative assortative mating

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tendency for like individuals to mate

tendency for unlike individuals to mate

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Distinguish between

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...

the source of new genetic combinations and new genetic material (3.1)

Describe examples of

...

positive and negative assortative mating and explain the circumstances under which such preferences might evolve. (3.2)

Explain why inbreeding

...

has negative consequences (and how some species are able self-fertilize).(3.2)

Describe the

...

circumstances where genetic drift can be significant force. (3.3)

Describe how high

...

mutation rates in a small population might lead to mutational meltdown. (3.3)

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Explain why alleles that

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...

give a fitness advantage do not always persist in small populations. (3.3)

Describe the

...

consequences of genetic bottlenecks and the founder effect. (4.1)

Explain why the

...

effective population can be a much smaller number than the actual population size. (4.1)

The Hardy Weinberg principle

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Why is the hardy Weinberg

- dominant gene will not drive out recessive

principle a big deal?

- genotype frequencies may be predicted - genotype frequencies will not change shows value of considering all alleles: the gene pool If it HW is not occurring that means its either a small population, there are mutations occurring, selection is happening, and planned (or not random) mating

Why would hardy Weinberg

If it HW is not occurring that means its either a

equilibrium not be occurring

small population, there are mutations occurring, selection is happening, or planned (or not random) mating

What NEVER happens with

Aa or AB (heterozugous) is never over 50%

the heterozygous gene pool in hardy Weinberg?

Why is mutation a weak but

mutations are the source of heritable variation

vital force? each gamete has about three new new mutation each zygote six (3+3)

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Where does variation come

- mutations producing new alleles, genes, or

from?

chromosomes - sexual reproduction producing new combinations of genes

What are the three types of

1. positive assortative mating

non-random mating? 2. negative assortative mating 3. inbreeding

How does an allele in a

genetic drift in a small population

population become fixed? How could this have negative

in small populations deleterious alleles may

effects?

become fixed by genetic drift before they are selected out

Balancing selection

natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population - heterozygote advantage - frequency dependent selection

Continuous variation

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...

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Darwinian fitness

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is an individuals contribution of offspring to the next generation the contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation in comparison to the contributions from other individuals

Directional selection

favors one extreme (example: antibiotic resistance = strong directional selection) Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals. Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve

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Disruptive selection

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favors both extremes natural selection in which individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curve

positive frequency dependent

Phenotypes are favored only when common.

selection

Example is warning coloration positive frequency dependent selection will tend to reduce allele diversity

negative frequency

Phenotypes favored only when rare. Example is

dependent selection

left-handed fighting ability negative frequency dependent selection will tend to maintain allele diversity

Heterozygote advantage

occurs when heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.

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Genetic equilibrium

condition in which the frequency of alleles in a population remains the same over generations

Stabilizing selection

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes favors the average

Distinguish Darwinian Fitness

darwinian fitness is an individuals contribution of

from relative fitness. (4.2)

offspring to the next generation relative fitness is an individuals contribution of offspring to the next generation relative to other individuals

What effect does

...

selection have on allele diversity? (4.2)

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Explain why rare alleles

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...

are almost always carried in a heterozygous state and, if recessive, are therefore invisible to selection. (4.2)

How is genetic

...

variation maintained in populations? (4.2)

What effect does

...

frequency dependent selection have on allele diversity? (4.2)

Distinguish between

...

stabilizing, directional and disruptive selection. (4.2)

What is the most likely

loss of genetic diversity

outcome in a population that experiences genetic bottleneck?

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How is genetic variation

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- recessive alleles are only lost very slowly

maintained in populations? - alleles may be neutral in current environment Balancing selection - heterozygote advantage - frequency dependent selection - environment may vary across landscapes

Anisogamy

Coevolution

having gametes of unequal size

the reciprocal change between interacting species or genes process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other

Fecundity

fertility this is a component of male fitness, coupled with survival

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Coevolution (antagonistic and

can be between or within species involved In

mutualistic, Intra- and inter-

ecological interactions

specific)

Fundamental asymmetry of

results from the fact that, in most species, females

sex

invest more in their offspring than do males female fitness is limited by an ability to gain the resources required to produce eggs and rear young male fitness is limited by the ability yo attract mates

Good genes hypothesis

theory of sexual selection that argues individuals develop impressive ornaments to show off their efficient metabolism or ability to fight disease the hypothesis that an individual chooses a mate that possesses a superior genotype

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Intersexual selection

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Selection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice.

intrasexual selection

A direct competition among individuals of one sex (usually the males in vertebrates) for mates of the opposite sex. selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex (usually men competing)

Isogamy

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having gametes equal in size

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Müllers ratchet

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a process in which absence of recombination, especially in an asexual population, results in accumulation of deleterious mutations in an irreversible manner.

Red Queen hypothesis

each species has to run (evolve) as fast as possible just to stay in place -- because predators, competitors, and parasites also continue to evolve the hypothesis that sexual selection allows hosts to evolve at a rate that can counter the rapid evolution of parasites

Sensory exploitation

Males evolved colors (for example) that females

hypothesis

are predisposed to pay attention to

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Sexual dimorphism

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Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

Sexual selection

the process by which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals of the same sex to obtain mates

Sperm competition

In species where multiple males might inseminate a single female, natural selection favors males with competitive sperm. Swimming speed seems to be important. a form of sexual selection that arises after mating,...