Foundational Perspectives of Education quizlet terms PDF

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Foundations of Education

The psychological, historical, philosophical, and sociological aspects of the field of education that are considered essential to the professional knowledge of all teachers.

Lev Vygotsky

Social Development TheorySocial interaction among children plays a major role in cognitive development

Robert Havighurst

Six Stages of Development and GrowthChildren must master specific developmental tasks to develop normally.

Jean Piaget

Four Stages of DevelopmentCreated theory of cognitive development, believed that children learn from facts, concepts, and principles in four major stagesSensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete Operations, & Formal Operations

Jerome Bruner

Three Modes of RepresentationBelieves children encounter a series of developmental stages as they mature

Benjamin Bloom

Author of Taxonomy of Educational ObjectivesPredict learning outcomes by assessing 3 factors

B.F. Skinner

Behavioral Theory

Frederick Douglass

Improved vocational training for African Americans

Booker T. Washington

Tuskegee InstituteAfrican American educator who contributed immensely to the development of education in the United StatesInfluence on African American Students

Maria Montessori

Casa Dei BambiniDeveloped theory and methods of educating young children

Ella Flagg Young

First female superintendent for Chicago Public SchoolsFirst female president of the National Education Association

Teacher-centered philosophies

essentialism, behaviorism, positivism

Student-centered philosophies

progressivism, humanism, constructivism

Essentialism

Essentialism- In the classroom

Behaviorism

Behaviorism-In the classroom

Positivism

-core information that educated people should know -hard work and mental discpline -teacher centered instruction -draws from idealism and realism -focus mainly on developing basic skills, not truths -purpose of education is to transmit culture and develop citizens -student is a learner, teacher instructs in essentials -curriculum focuses on subject matter and content -methods include: required reading, lectures, memorization, repetition, examinations, step by step directions

-B.F. Skinner is the father. -Behavior determined by environment not heredity -Behavior response to external stimuli -behaviorism related to realism, link to environment -Teacher influences student behavior by controlling stimuli -school environment is highly organized -curriculum based on behavioral objectives -knowledge is observable, a reward system is often utilized

-Focus on observable, measurable information -reject beliefs about mind-spirit consciousness -reality explained by laws of matter and motion -knowledge based on sense of perceptions -objective reality

Positivism- In the classroom

-Direct instruction, clear structured directions and expectations -knowledge gained through empirical observation -students assessed using same objective criteria -content standards based on expert understandings

Progressivism

-ideas verified through experiment, learners initiate questions -human experience basis for knowledge, not authority -privileges scientific method of teaching, learning -emphasis on how to think (process) not what to think (content)

Progressivism- In the classroom

-Schools must improve society, model democracy -schools must model meaningful, organized freedom -freedom expressed thought student-teacher collaboration -texts become tools, not indisputable knowledge -Henry Giroux schools as vehicles for change -teachers should practice critical pedagogy

Humanism

-education should enhance innate goodness -schools objective is the student -education should start with the individual self -education should develop free, self-actualizing person

Humanism- In the classroom

-curriculum is found in the environment, not subject matter -positive student-teacher relationships crucial for learning -individualized instruction, open access curriculum, non graded instruction, multi-age grouping -free schools, storefront schools, schools without walls, -humanistic programs usually more costly

constructivism-

-developing personal meaning through hands-on activity -students provided opportunity to construct meaning through critical thinking and big ideas -freedom to infer and discover own answers -teaching involves a variety of learning activities

constructivism- in the classroom

-problem based learning -teachers invite students to experience, proposes situations -students encouraged to ask questions, seek own answers

Erasmus

-Dutch renaissance Humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher and theologist -he was a classical scholar who wrote in pure Latin style -he was one of the most famous educators and formed the humanistic theory of education

Frederich Froebel

-Laid the foundation for modern education based on the recognition that children have unique needs and capabilities -his contributions include the establishment of the first kindergarten -he believed that women are best suited to teach young children

John Locke

-viewed a young child's mind as a blank slate (Tabula Rasa) on which an education could be imprinted -He believed that teachers needed to create a non-threatening learning environment- a rather revolutionary idea at the time

Socrates

-believed that "knowledge is virtue" and this principle has been adopted by many educators -he is famous for creating the socratic method of teaching- a way of teaching that centers on the use of questions by the teacher to lead students to a certain conclusion

Dame schools

education that was delivered in the homes of women, usually consisting of the basics of reading and writing

Latin Grammar School

Early schools that followed a classical curriculum consisting mainly of Latin and Latin-texts and some Greek

English Schools (academies)

schools that followed a practical curriculum rather than a classical curriculum focused solely on Latin and Latin readings

Common School Movement

the movement that provided universal education and schools that would serve all children at public expense

Efficiency movement

schooling that was designed to prepare students for life in the world of work, with an emphasis on conformity, following directions, rote learning and memorization, and strict rules of comportment

English Only Rule

Rule barring Mexican American children from speaking Spanish in public schools

Eight Year Study

Essentialism (term)

Progressivism (term)

A study in the period of the 1930's that compared the progressive approach to education with the traditional approach and found that the progressive approach produced more intellectual curiosity and drive and higher levels of critical thinking and judgement

a philosophy of education based on the assumption that students should learn the basic facts regarding the social and physical world

a philosophy of education developed by John Dewey based on the assumption that all learning is active, that learning is intellectual, social, and emotional, and that curriculum should begin with the child's interests and experiences

Perennialism

a philosophical orientation based on the assumption that all learning should be focused on unchanging principles or great ideas

social reconstructionism

a philosophy of education based on the belief that schools should aim to foster active participants in society through a study of social problems and an aim to create a more just society

Ethic of care

a philosophy of education based on the commitment to caring

GI Bill

this bill provides for the education of veterans

NDEA

The national defense education act provided federal money to improve the science, math, engineering, and language problems in schools (1958)

1st amendment

Provides freedom of speech, religion, and of the press

10th amendment

grants each state the power to provide for public education

14th amendment

ensures equal educational opportunity

affirmative action

these are policies and procedures designed to compensate for past discrimination against women and members of minority groups

section 504

a civil rights act that addresses 3 areasequal treatment, appropriate education, and people with disabilities

public law 94-142

aka the education for all handicapped children act (EAHCA)- first passed by congress in 1975, has been amended over the years into today's individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA) response to intervention- a multi-tiered approach to the early identification and support of students with learning and behavioral needs

RTI

1st tier- Whole group instruction 2nd tier- small group instruction 3rd tier- one-on-one instruction

Department of education

Government agency- created to help states establish effective school systems. Today, the department of education operates programs that touch on every area and level of education

National Science Foundation

Government agency- created to "promote the progress of science, to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare.; to secure the national defense and for other purposes

Bureau of Indian affairs (BIA)

Government agency- manages and finances many of the schools on Native American reservations

Department of Defense (DOD)

Department of the Interior

Government agency- responsible for the Military Academy at West Point, the Naval Academy at Annapolis, the Coast Guard Academy at New London, and the Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs. The DOD also operates a school system (Department of Defense Education ActivityDODEA) for the children of military staff wherever members are stationed.

Government agency- has the educational responsibility for children of national park employees; for SOMOA (classified as an outlying possession) and for the trust territories of the Pacific, such as Caroline and Marshall Islands. The Department of the Interior oversees the Bureau of Indian Affairs

Regional education laboratories

the federal government funds a set of ten regional education laboratories, which provide curriculum development, technical assistance, and evaluation services to school districts and states.

National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE)

non-goverment agency- grants professional accreditation in teacher education to the school, college, or department of education that is responsible for preparing teachers and other educators.

Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC)

non-government agency- offers accreditation to teacher education programs. TEAC is newer than NCATE and is also dedicated to helping improve degree programs for professional educators

Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (INTASC)

non-government agency- created a set of 10 standards that describe what teachers should know and be able to do

National Education Association (NEA)

non-government agency- teacher union, by far the largest teacher's organization. They are committed to advancing public education and improving working conditions. They also provide resources to teachers such as handbooks on a variety of topics

America Federation of Teachers (AFT)

non-government agency- the second largest teacher's union. They have stressed that organized labor was an important force in establishing our system of free public schools and that it has actively supported school improvement programs

Regional Accreditation

non-government agency- grants accreditation on a university's financial status, student services, and general studies curriculum. There are 6 regional agencies that are named based on the general region they are in.

Standards Based Education

the use of explicit outcomes of what students should know and be able to do, which are outlined in standards, to develop instruction and assessments

STEM

and acronym referring to the academic discipline of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Many people are worried that not enough high tech professionals are being produced by high schools. STEM education was created to meet these needs in the four disciplines

Framework for 21st Century Learning

for today's students to master the basic core subjects and develop global awareness. Global awareness includes civic, health, financial, economic, business, and entrepreneurial literacy

Outcomes of "A Nation at Risk"

-stronger admission standards for higher education -Stronger standards for academic achievement -Prepare students for global economy -prepare qualified math and science teachers

Head Start

federally funded program for 3-5 year olds from lowincome families to provide educational services and emotional, social, health, nutritional, and psychological support that will prepare them to enter kindergarten

Montessori Approach

educational program originally designed for 3-6 year olds that is well organized into subject-based work centers where children interact with the classroom materials -includes little or no large group instructions -uses uninteruppted extended work period so students can explore their environment -mastery of observable skills is recorded by their teacher

High-Scope Approach

Based on the belief that children are active learners and on the child development theories of Jean Piaget -lessons are designed to relate to student's lives and environments -uses developmental checklists -students design portfolios to showcase their work

Reggio Emilia Approach

ensures children, families, teachers, and entire community take on an active role in the education of each child -project based curriculum built on student interests

ELL

English language learner is a student who is limited english proficient

Strategies for ELL

1- incorporate language objectives in lessons 2- give students more time on tests 3- incorporate cognitive strategies 4- incorporate social strategies 5- treat ELL students the same as other students. Do not discriminate against the ELL students in your classroom.

Newcomer program

separate and relatively self-contained educational interventions designed to meet the academic and transitional needs of students new to american schools

Sheltered English instruction

an instructional approach used to make instruction in English understandable to ELL students in sheltered classrooms, teachers use physical activities, visual aids, and the environment to teach vocabulary for concept development in subjects

Structured English Immersion Program

this program is designed so that the ELL student can succeed in an English-only mainstream classroom. All instruction in an immersion strategy program is in English. Teachers have specialized training in meeting the needs of ELL students

Submersion Program

this program places ELL students in a regular Englishonly classroom with little or no support services based on the theory that they will pick up English naturally

Opportunity to Learn Standards

means that ELL students have to be provided with appropriate accommodations to support their learning as outlined in the standards

Pull-out-ESL

remove students from mainstream classrooms for a portion of the day in order to give them specialized instruction in English

Two-way Immersion

an educational program that provides instruction in English and a second language

bilingual education

an educational strategy that uses English and the native language of students in classroom instruction

content based English as a second language

is designed to provide second language learners instruction in content and language

Which key education philosopher believed social interaction plays a major role in cognitive development?

Vygotsky

A teacher believes in hands-on, activity-based learning. Therefore, most of his assignments for his first-grade class focus on problem solving and using manipulatives.

Constructivism

Which student-centered approach to learning is this teacher using?

Which historical figure believed that focusing solely on vocational education would improve the plight of African Americans?

Frederick Douglass

How did Horace Mann influence the development of common elementary schools?

He kept educational issues before the public.

Which foundational educator whose method of asking a series of questions to lead students to certain conclusions is still used today?

Which philosophical practice of Socrates can be seen in the contemporary classroom? Which federal statute influenced contemporary education and includes the themes of equal treatment, appropriate education, and people with disabilities? A teacher who joined the National Education Association (NEA) has had a difficult time understanding the relationship between the assessment process and the Common Core State Standards.

Socrates

Teachers ask a series of questions.

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act

The teacher can download NEA handbooks on a variety of topics.

How can NEA serve as a resource to help solve this dilemma?

What is a current concern if all states adopt the Common Core State Standards?

States will be required to use the same standardized test.

Which government agency is responsible for overseeing the education of Native American students on reservations through the Bureau of Indian Affairs?

Department of the Interior

Which non-government entity developed 10 standards to describe what beginning teachers should know and be able to do?

Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (InTASC)

How did the National Defense Education Act impact contemporary education?

High-school students must take science, math, and foreign language classes to meet graduation requirements.

What was a direct outcome of the A Nation at Risk report?

The federal government challenged schools to prepare students for a global economy.

Which school option provides students with a themed curriculum such as performing and visual arts or math and science?

Magnet school

Which tuition-free option to public school was designed to meet the need for advanced studies and credit recovery as well as serve students unable to attend school for social reasons?

Virtual schools

An early childhood teacher now works at a Montessori pre-school, and she is deciding which assessment practices to use with st...