GMO Notes - VCE Biology 2019 PDF

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GMO notes for VCE Biology 2019...

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GMO and TGO (Key Knowledge 18) Tuesday, 13 August 2019

11:12 AM

Genetically modified organisms(GMOS) - Genome is artificially changed Transgenic organisms (TGOs) - Carries gene introduced from foreign species GMO > TGO All TGOs are GMOs. But not all GMOs are TGOs.

Purpose - To increase productivity/yield - Resistance insect/pests/disease

Genetic Modification -

Since genetic code is universal, genes can be transferred between species, and hav the same proteins translated A group of technologies and procedures which helps us manipulate genes

Compared to selective breeding, GM is more: ○ more targeted, less "hit and miss" ○ New varieties are produced faster, shorter periods of time ○ Can give organisms characteristics found in other species How is it modified? Adding a foreign gene

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Adding a foreign gene ○ Transgenic organism Altering an existing gene ○ Alter a gene to express it at a higher level or in a different way, e.g. growth hormone Deleting/Turning off a gene ○ Deleted or deactivated by preventing expression of a trait, e.g. ripening gene in tomato

Transformation vs Transfection Transformation- transferring genes into bacteria Transfection - transferring genes into eukaryotic organisms

Genetic Modification in animals

- For testing drugs - Studying development of diseases - Identifying role of genes in the progress of diseases Steps 1. Modifying the DNA Af i th t d ti l t i /t it i i

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A foreign gene that produces a particular protein/trait is inserted into a shor strand of animal DNA Implanting the DNA a. The modified DNA is injected into the nucleus of a fertilized egg, which is the implanted into a surrogate female Testing the offspring a. Offspring are tested from presence of protein/phenotype/whatever. Offsprin with modified DNA breed to create more modified animals i. Establishes a transgenic line Extract the expressed protein

GM Salmon

Making Transgenic plants 1. 2. 3. 4.

Make recombinant plasmids carrying DNA sequence of foreign gene Recombinant plasmids and bacteria cells are mixed tgt. Some bacteria take up recombinant plasmids The bacterial cells are grown on agar -- identify the bacteria that carry the recombinant plasmid with foreign gene(antibiotic resistance) Plant cells are infected by bacteria cells

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The bacteria transfer the foreign genes in the recombinant plasmids into the plant cell -- the foreign genes insert into the genetic material of the plant cel

Benefits Environment

Risks

Pest/disease resistant Herbicide, Pesticide resistant - Reduce chemicals used to - Farmers may spray more control insects herbicide/pesticides necessary ○ Better for increasing evolution of resistant environment pests/weeds ○ Save fuel, reduce carbon footprint Destruction of pests, weeds can reduce biodiversity Improved shelf life - GMO w/ pest toxins could increase evolution of resistant - Less food is wasted pests Cross-species pollination--> spread herbicide resistance genes and create super weeds Toxins in pest resistant GMOs could negatively impact non- target organisms

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organisms Health

Improve yield -> more affordable

GM food can express protein that can cause allergic reaction

Improve nutritional value

Antibiotic resistance gene used as markers can spread to pathogenic bacteria

GM bacteria produce cheap medical compounds-- insulin & clotting factor

Transferred genes can mutate-> unexpected risks

GM crops can produce vaccines

Agricultural

Benefits for consumer: Nutrient Biotech companies hold monopolistic rich, better taste/quality, legal rights to GM seeds…must buy cheaper. Varieties without from them every year allergens - Could make prices as high as they want Drought, heat/cold, saline, - (cannot save and re-sow seeds) disease resistant --> increase Crops cannot adapt local crop yields conditions

Applications of Genetic Engineering -

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Produce low cost medicines, e.g. insulin ○ Reduce cost of drugs, improve affordability and global health Develop nutrient-rich foods ○ Help meet nutritional goals, e.g. golden rice to reduce risk of blindness ○ Improve global health Breed crops that with high resistance to extreme conditions, e.g. drought, cold resistant crops ○ Grow crops in areas previously unavailable Pest-resistant crops ○ Reduce use of pesticides ○ Reduce cost of farming...