GPE B１ - PPT PDF

Preview

Summary

PPT ...

Description

Global Political Economy Prof. Xunda Yu 2018.9.19

Chap.1

The Orientation to Global Political Economy

2

Content of Chap. 1 Sector 1

The What and Why of GPE

Sector 2

The How of GPE

Sector 3

State-Market-Social Relations in the era of Globalization

Sector 4

Conclusion

What is GPE?

1. The WHAT and WHY of GPE • Today’s complex issues can no longer be easily described, analyzed, and understood by using any single set of disciplinary methods and concepts. • Learning GPE, namely, is to

Since each discipline offers an incomplete explanation of global events.

What is GPE?

1. The WHAT and WHY of GPE • How to analysis trade friction between United States and China? • Is it Political correct? • Is it reasonable in economy? •Who will support it? Why support? •Who will oppose it? Why oppose?

What is Global Political Economy?

•

Firstly, we need to make a distinction between the term “Global political economy” or the acronym GPE. Political dimension: power, rule, institution Economic dimension: distribute resources, shape human behavior, coordinate social behavior Global dimension: Cover all parts of the world

Political economy is about: the role of the state with regard to the economy, interactions between political and economic processes, distribution of social power based on property and wealth ,Global political economy, or international political economy – the same, applied to the entire world

What is Global Political Economy?

• Secondly, the acronym GPE connotes a method of inquiry that is multidisciplinary. Studying Politics with Economical Methods The Interactions among Politics, Economy and Society The Interaction between Domestic and International The Interaction between Present and Future

What is GPE?

The WHAT and Why of GPE

Susan Strange: IPE concerns the social, political and economic arrangements affecting the global systems of production, exchange and distribution, and the mix of values reflected therein. Those arrangements are not divinely ordained, nor are they the outcome of blind chance. Rather they are the result of human decisions taken in the context of manmade institutions and sets of self-set rules and customs.

What is GPE?

The WHAT and WHY of GPE Why - the benifits of GPE. • GPE represents an effort to return to

the analysis before the study of human social behavior became fragmented into the discrete fields of political science, economics and sociology. • It attempts to blend together distinct perspectives to produce a more holistic explanation of the global political economy.

Rationale/Justification for GPE • Within the past three to four decades, the world has been buffeted by the forces of globalization. This has not only resulted in the world becoming extremely interconnected in terms of culture, This is amply exhibited by the numerous political and social changes that the world has witnessed within the past fifty years. In this context, we observe that the field of political science has been proactive to these developments. In a subfield of political science, international affairs, not only do we study topics such as the international politics, nation-states, international organizations and socio-economic development in different countries, but also other associated topics such as ideal models of economic development, globalization, north-south divide, factors influencing conflict etc.

Rationale/Justification for GPE • In addition,

Courses in political science focus on topics such as foreign policy, international relations, conflict and political violence, comparative politics, and area studies. Although all of these courses contain elements of political economy, it is imperative to have a separate course in which students can develop a comprehensive understanding of how the fields of politics and economics intersect, and how it advances the students understanding of the functioning of the global community.

Rationale/Justification for GPE •

As a result, the new course on political economy will focus on topics such as the relationship between politics and trade, national security and economic sanctions, migration, labor policy, sovereign wealth funds and their impact on the national security of a nation-state, the relationship between global environment and economic development, human rights and the existence of sweatshops operated by TNCs, outsourcing of jobs and its impact on policy making in the United States and China，etc.

What is Global Political Economy? Academic Field - Subfield of International Relations (IR)  From 1950 – 1970 IR focused on states’ ’ pursuit of power and security  “high politics” ” versus “low politics” ”  After 1970 international economics taken more seriously  “Rediscovery” ” of classic concern about relationship between economy and power  e.g. Thucydides, Mercantilism, Leninism  After 1997 Asia financial crisis global governance taken more seriously  G20

What is GPE?

2. The HOW of GPE The Evolution of GPE

A.Who Governs? B.Who Benefits ? C.Who Acts?

The Evolution of global Political Economy • Imagine the early 1970s. International Relations was primarily concerned with ’high politics’ – with security and the balance of power between the US and the USSR. Economic concerns were considered ’low politics’. But scholars like Susan Strange pointed out that the politics of international economics was critical to security relations, as well as to everyday life in general (like the development of ’stagflation’). In the mid-1970s through the 1980s the key concerns were with order. The question that dominated IPE was: Who Governs?

15

The Evolution of Global Political Economy

• During the 1970s and 1980s a range of scholars questioned the idea of American hegemonic decline. They argued that relative material positions were not all important. It was the structure of the system that continued to give the US clear benefits. As such, there concern was not with ’who governs?’ but: Who Benefits? The focus here was on the negative consequences of the world capitalist system, with a strong focus on themes like dependency between the poor ’South’ on the rich ’North’, imperialism, and exploitation. This work was closely associated with Structural Marxist thought 16

The Evolution of Global Political Economy • During the late 1990s and up to the present a new thread of scholarship has emerged that treats ideas and norms seriously within a domestic context. So that norms and ideas were fought over among a population during change in the world economy. Here the idea of uncertainty is important in compelling some actors to make a move • Who Governs? -> Who Acts? • These scholars also stressed how organizations and polities created their own problems, so that a focus on legitimacy and contested norms is important. This work was closely associated with Social Constructivism 17

The Evolution of Global Political Economy • Common topics included: The framing of globalization ;The importance of ambiguity in allowing actors to express politics, rather than impose transparency ; Social responses to economic crises like the Great Depression; The legitimacy of state-society relations underpinning power in the world economy • So up to today , the key question for understanding most change is not: Who governs? or Who Benefits? But to ask: ‘Who acts and how do their actions transform the world economy?’

18

Towards an Everyday Global Political Economy • It leads to a range of new topics and questions instead of primarily discussing the international architecture of trade and finance. It also leads to an investigation of different kinds of change in the world economy rather than those made by ‘power-makers’ (the question ‘who governs?’)and those taken by ‘power-takers’.(the question ‘who benefits?’) It also leads to a stronger focus on legitimacy and identity as contested rather than coerced, proclaimed, or seen as given.

19

What is GPE?

The HOW of GPE What is Globalization?

An economic process that reflects accelerated and intense interconnections based on new technologies and communications systems and the mobility of trade and capital.

The integration of national and regional markets into a single global market. A political process that weakens state authority and replaces it with deregulated market outcomes A cultural process that reflects a densely growing network of complex cultural interconnections and interdependence in modern society.

> Thomas Friedman, The World Is Flat.

What is GPE?

The HOW of GPE

Impacts: An inevitable occurrence that has produced a new form of capitalism---hyper capitalism. A process for which nobody is in charge. It can Benefit everyone, especially economically. It furthers the spread of democracy in the world. However, it indeed increases the rich-poor gap.

• It has a homogenizing effect on cultures the world over. • It is responsible for many of the global environmental problems. • It is also criticized for the global financial crisis.

> The Impacts of Globalization.

What is GPE?

The HOW of GPE > Two

Powers

1. Relational Power 2.Structural Power

What is GPE?

2. The HOW of GPE Three Perspectives: A. Economic liberalism---More associated with the study of markets and the rational behavior of different actors with them Major concern: the states’s role in the market and other parts of the economy. Orthodox Economic Liberals (OELs) VS. Heterodox interventionist Liberals (HILs) B. Mercantilism---More associated with political science, especially the political philosophy of Realism. Major concern: power and wealth C. Structuralism Rooted in Marxist analysis but not limited to it. More associated with sociological analytic methods. Major concern: How different class segments of society are shaped by the dominant economic structure?

What is GPE?

The Four Levels of Aanalysis eg. Kenneth Waltz: Man, the State, and war. •The Global Level---how global factors, such as changes in technology, commodity prices, and climate, create constraints and opportunities for all governments and societies. •The Interstate Level---how the relative balance of political, military, and economic power between states affects the probability of war, prospects for cooperation, rules related to transnational c orporations or the ways in which governments exercise leverage over their allies and states with mutual interests. •The State/Societal Level---how lobbying by socio-economic groups, electoral different types of governments and •The Individual Level---

What is GPE?

Susan Strange's Four IPE Structures • Security Structure. • Production and Trade Structure. •

Finance and Monetary Structure.

•

Knowledge and Technology Structure.

> Those structures are complex arrangements that function as the the underlying foundation of the international political economy

What is GPE?

3. State-Market-Society Relations in the Era of Globalization

GLOBAL POLITICAL REGIME

What is GPE

MARKET

STATE

SOCIETY POLITI POLITI LITICA CAL CULT ULTURE URE

What is GPE

Interactions between the four spheres

STATE SOCIETY MARKET

SOCIETY MARKET

GLOBAL

X

X

X

X

X X

What is GPE?

Global-St-M-So-relations Essence 1.Authority 2.Individual choice 3.Trust

What is GPE?

Global-St-M-So-relations Contradictions 1.Politics and Economy 2.Domestic and Abroad 3.Present and future

What is GPE?

Global-St-M-So-relations Trilemma 1.Democracy 2.National Self-determination 3.Economic Globalization

Key figures in the field

Robert Gilpin ‘As the mercantilist theorist of American economic development, Alexander Hamilton, wrote: "not only the wealth but the independence and security of a country appear to be materially connected to the prosperity of manufactures" (Gilpin, 1987: 33)’

33

Key figures in the field Susan Strange “Even at their most extensive, the ‘directional’ or ‘azimuthal’ agendas that exist are still far too restrictive and so do not really qualify as the study of politcal economy. The literature on the politics of international economic relations reflects the concerns of governments, not people. It tends always overweight the interests of the most powerful governments. Scholars who accept this definition of the subject thus become the servants of state bureaucracies, not independent thinkers or critics” (1988: 13).

34

Key figures in the field Robert Keohane ‘Two features of the international context are particularly important: world politics lacks authoritative governmental institutions, and is characterised by pervasive uncertainty. Within this setting, a major function of international regimes is to facilitate the making of mutually beneficial agreements among governments, so that the structural conditions of anarchy does not lead to a complete “war of all against all”’ (1991: 106).

35

A Brief Introduction to GPE

CONTENTS OF THE BOOK Perspectives on GPE • • • • •

Chap. 1: What is GPE? Chap. 2: Economic Liberal Perspective Chap. 3: The Mercantilist Perspective Chap. 4: The Structuralist Perspective Chap. 5: Alternative Perspectives on GPE

States and Markets in the Global Economy • • • •

Chap. 11: The Development Conundrum Chap. 12: Regionalism Chap. 13: The Rising Powers Chap. 14: The Middle East

Structures of GPE • • • • •

Chap. 6: The Production and Trade Structure Chap. 7: The International Monetary and Finance Structure Chap. 8: International Debt and Financial Crisis Chap. 9: The Global Security Structure Chap. 10: The Knowledge and Technology Structure

Transnational Problems and Dilemmas • • • • • •

Chap. 15: The Illicit Global Economy Chap. 16: Migration and Tourism Chap. 17: Transnational Corporations Chap. 18: Market Failure and Injustice Chap. 19: Dependency and Resource Curses Chap. 20: The Environment

Outline of the text’s main themes

Conclusion Three relations 1.Politics, Economy and Society 2.Market, Government and Society 3.Liberalism, Mercantilism and Structuralism

What is GPE?

Discussion Questions 1.Give examples of how and where states, markets, and societies interact and at times conflict with one another. How hard is it to determine the analytical boundaries between these terms in this case? 2.Review the basic elements and features of the GPE approach: the three main theoretical perspectives, the four structures,the levels of analysis,and the types of power.Which ones do you feel you understand well and which ones need more work? 3. Define and outline the major features of globalization. Which of three GPE perspectives(or combination of perspectives) about globalization do you agree with most? Explain why. 4. Based on what you have learned so far in this chapter and from reading newspaper,etc.,outline a few things you know about the connection between globalization,the financial crisis, and capitalism. 5. Do you agree with those who suggest that the financial crisis raise serious concerns about the viability of capitalism?Explain. 6. If you read the section on the main themes of the book as a conclusion to the class,discuss any three major themes that come up in two topics of your choice, either in two chapters or throughout the text.

Thanks !...