Grammar Notes PDF

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Grammar Notes:

noun names a person, place, or thing, or idea common noun noun that refers to any group of a person, place, or thing, or idea

proper noun noun that refers to particular person, place, or thing, or idea concrete noun •noun that refers to person, place, or thing, or idea perceived by senses •(e.g. you can see it, hear it, feel it, touch it, taste it)

abstract noun •noun that refers to an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic •(e.g. bravery, peace) collective noun •noun that names a group •(e.g. class, teen) compound noun •noun that refers to two or more words that together name a person, place, or thing, or idea •(e.g. stairway, bookcase, The Buckley School) Pronoun takes the place of one or more nouns personal pronoun pronoun that refers to first person (I, me, my, mine) (we, us, our, ours); second person (you, your, yours), third person (he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its) (they, them, their, theirs) reflexive/ intensive pronouns •pronoun that refers to subject/ pronoun that emphasizes its antecedent •(myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, him/herself, itself, themselves) Adjectives •a word that describes a noun or pronoun •all color words and number words verb a word that expresses action helping verb •a verb that helps the main verb •(am, is, are, were, been, being) linking verb •a verb that connects the subject to another word in the sentence •(am, is, are, were, been, become, seem) transitive verb a verb that has a direct object intransitive verb a verb that does not have a direct object

adverb •a word that describes a verb, adjective, or adverb •(go to verb and ask "where, when, how, to what extent" if it answers it, it is one) preposition •a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence conjunction •a word that joins other words or groups of words

correlative conjunction •pairs of conjunctions •(both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, whether...or) subordinating conjunction •begins a subordinate clause and connects to the independent clause •(although, since, because, until, when) interjection expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to the sentence subject •a word that tells whom or what the sentence is about •(go to verb and as yourself: "who" or "what" to find it) sentence a group of words with a subject and verb, expressing a complete thought predicate the verb and everything that goes with it simple subject the one main word that tells whom or what the sentence is about complete subject contains the simple subject and everything that goes with it simple predicate the one main word that tells the action for the subject in the sentence complete predicate contains the simple predicate and everything that goes with it

compound subject two or more subjects joined by a conjunction and have the same verb compound verb two or more verbs joined by a conjunction and have the same subject complements a word that completes the meaning of a verb direct object •a complement that tells who or what receives the action of the verb and is always after a transitive verb •(go to the verb and ask yourself: "whom" or "what" to find it) indirect object •is a complement in a sentence that has a direct object in the same sentence •(go to verb and ask: "to/ for whom" or "to/ for what" object complement •a complement that helps complete a meaning of a transitive verb by identifying the direct object •a sentence cannot have it unless it has a direct object subject complement identifies the subject after the linking verb (similar to a predicate nominative) predicate adjective an adjective after a linking verb phrase a group of related verbs WITHOUT a verb and a subject

prepositional phrase has a preposition and an object of a preposition adjective prepositional phrase a prepositional phrase used as an adjective adverb prepositional phrase a prepositional phrase used as an adverb participial phrase •has a participle and its modifiers •the entire phrase is as a adjective gerund phrase •consists of a gerund and its modifiers •the entire phrase is as a noun participle •=part adjective + part verb •present end in "-ing" and past ends in "-ed" gerund a verb always ending in "-ing" and is used as a noun infinitive a verb form beginning with "to-" and used as a noun, adjective, or adverb infinitive phrase •an infinitive and all its modifiers •the entire phrase is as a noun, adjective, adverb Clause •a word group with a verb and its subject •(used as a sentence or part of a sentence) Independent clause a clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a complete sentence (may be joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction -- FANBOYS) subordinate clause a clause that does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself adjective clause a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun

noun clause •a subordinate clause that is used as a noun •(common introductory words for this clause: how, if, that, what, whatever, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, why) adverb clause •subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb •(introduced by a subordinating conjunction) simple sentence has one independent clause and no subordinate clause (may contain a compound subject, a compound verb, or phrases) compound sentence has two or more independent clauses and no subordinate clause complex sentence has one independent clause and at least one subordinate compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause declarative sentence a sentence that makes a statement and ends with a period imperative sentence a sentence that gives a command and ends with a period interrogative sentence a sentence that asks a question and ends with a question mark exclamatory sentence a sentence that show excitement or expresses strong feeling...