Group 3 Nitrite & Nitrate 6C5A PDF

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORYECW 568OPEN-ENDED LAB REPORTTITLE OF EXPERIMENT : NITRITE AND NITRATEDATE OF EXPERIMENT : 14 TH APRIL 2021GROUP : EC2206C5A (GROUP 3)GROUP MEMBERS 1. AMEER HAQIMIE BIN ZAINAL (2019884174)2. NUR IZMIZA BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (2019847992)3. FARAH SYAHIRA BINTI ABDUL JALI...

Description

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY ECW 568 OPEN-ENDED LAB REPORT

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT :

NITRITE AND NITRATE

DATE OF EXPERIMENT :

14TH APRIL 2021

GROUP

EC2206C5A (GROUP 3)

GROUP MEMBERS

:

1. AMEER HAQIMIE BIN ZAINAL (2019884174) 2. NUR IZMIZA BINTI ABDUL RAZAK (2019847992) 3. FARAH SYAHIRA BINTI ABDUL JALIL (2019495898) 4. NUR SYAZWANI BINTI SAHARUDDIN (2019801796) 5. NUR SHAFEEQA BINTI ABDUL RASHID (2019602208)

LECTURER

: IR. DR. SUZANA BINTI RAMLI

LEVEL OF OPENESS

: 1 MARK S

COMMENTS

INTRODUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS METHODOLOGY RESULTS&ANALYSIS

1

2

3

4

5

DISCUSSION

1

2

3

4

5

CONCLUSION

1

2

3

4

5

ORGANIZATION

1

2

3

4

5

TOTAL MARKS

INTRODUCTION Nitrite and nitrate are naturally occurring ions that are part of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrate is used mainly in inorganic fertilizers, and sodium nitrite is used as food preservatives, especially in cured meats. The nitrate concentration in groundwater and surface water is normally low but can reach high levels as a result of leaching or runoff from agricultural land or contamination from human or animal wastes as a consequence of the oxidation of ammonia and similar sources. Anaerobic conditions may result in the formation and persistence of nitrite. Chloramination may give rise to the formation of nitrite within the distribution system if the formation of chloramine is not sufficiently controlled. The formation of nitrite is as a consequence of microbial activity and may be intermittent. Nitrification in distribution systems can increase nitrite levels, usually by 0.2–1.5 mg/litre.

OBJECTIVE 1.

To measure of the nitrate and nitrite in water sample.

2.

To analyze data and interpret the results of the nitrate and nitrite experiment.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Nitrates and nitrites are two compounds that occur naturally in the human body, foods such as vegetables as well as drinking water. Nitrates also occur naturally in water and high levels of nitrites are toxic to humans and animals, especially infants. Nitrate also can affect how blood carries oxygen and can cause methemoglobinemia when consuming too much nitrate.

In this laboratory activities, there are four different location along Sg. Klang and water samples were collected to measure the concentration of nitrates and nitrites. Two water samples which is SA and SB were collected for each location and brought to laboratory for the analysis of Nitrate and Nitrite concentration. The Nitrate and Nitrite test on the water samples were conducted by referring the correct procedures and using appropriate apparatus available in the laboratory.

APPARATUS

1. Mixing cylinder 2. Stopper 3. 10 ml square sample cell 4. Spectrophotometer

PROCEDURES

a) Nitrite test 1. The spectrophotometer was switched on. 2. The test “371 N Nitrite LR PP” was clicked on the spectrophotometer. Then, the

“Start” button was clicked. 3. A square sample cell was filled with 10 ml of water sample A. 4. As for the prepared sample preparation, NitriVer 3 Nitrite Reagent Powder Pillow

was added into the water sample. The sample cell was swirled to dissolve the powder pillow until all substance was dissolved. A pink colour was developed if nitrite was present in the water sample. 5. The “20 minutes-timer-button” was clicked on the spectrophotometer. Then, the

“OK” button was clicked. This was to allow the powder to properly mix with the water sample. 6. As for the blank sample preparation, a second square sample cell was filled with 10

ml of water sample when the timer expired. 7. The blank sample was wiped and inserted into the cell holder with the fill line facing

right. 8. The “Zero” button was clicked on the spectrophotometer to ensure the

spectrophotometer was properly cleared and the display shown 0.00 mg/L NO2-_N. 9. The blank sample was taken out and the prepared sample was wiped and inserted

into the cell holder with the fill line facing right. 10. The “Read” button was clicked on the spectrophotometer and the result shown 0.00

mg/L NO2-_N. 11. The concentration of nitrite in the water sample was obtained and recorded. 12. The procedure was repeated for water sample B.

b) Nitrate test 1. The spectrophotometer was switched on. 2. The “Stored Programs” was selected on the spectrophotometer. Then, the “Start”

button was clicked. 3. The test “351 N, Nitrate LR” was selected on the spectrophotometer. 4. A 25 ml graduated mixing cylinder was filled with 15 ml of water sample A. 5. A one content of NitraVer 6 Reagent Powder Pillow was added into the mixing

cylinder. 6. Stopper was put at the top of mixing cylinder. 7. The “3 minutes-timer-button” was clicked on the spectrophotometer. Then, the

“OK” button was clicked. 8. The mixing cylinder was shaken vigorously during the 3-minute timer. 9. The “2 minutes-timer-button” was clicked after 3 minutes-timer expired. Then, the

“OK” button was clicked. 10. A 10 ml of the water sample was carefully poured into a clean square sample cell

when the timer expired. Noted that do not transfer any cadmium particles to the sample cell. 11. As for the prepared sample preparation, a one content of NitriVer 3 Nitrite Reagent

Powder Pillow was added into the sample cell. 12. The “30 seconds-timer-button” was clicked on the spectrophotometer. Then, the

“OK” button was clicked. 13. The sample cell was capped and shaken gently during the 30 seconds-timer. A pink

color was developed if nitrate was present. 14. The “15 minutes-timer-button” was clicked on the spectrophotometer. Then, the

“OK” button was clicked. 15. As for the blank sample preparation, a second square sample cell was filled with 10

ml of original water sample when the timer expired. 16. The blank sample was wiped and inserted into the cell holder with the fill line facing

right. 17. The “Zero” button was clicked on the spectrophotometer to ensure the

spectrophotometer was properly cleared and the display shown 0.00 mg/L NO3-_N. 18. The blank sample was taken out and the prepared sample was wiped and inserted

into the cell holder with the fill line facing right. 19. The “Read” button was clicked on the spectrophotometer and the result shown 0.00

mg/L NO3-_N. 20. The concentration of nitrate in the water sample was obtained and recorded. 21. The procedure was repeated for water sample B.

METHODOLOGY

DATA & ANALYSIS

Table 1: Content of Nitrate and Nitrite. NITRATE (mg/l)

NITRITE (mg/l)

SA

SB

SA

SB

L1

0.010

0.010

0.006

0.004

L2

0.210

0.220

0.115

0.120

L3

0.210

0.220

0.117

0.120

L4

0.451

0.440

0.201

0.197

Table 2: Average value of Nitrate and Nitrite. Average value L1

NITRATE (mg/l) = =

L2

= =

L3

= =

L4

= =

MOH (raw water quality) MOH (drinking water)

0.010 + 0.010 2 0.010 0.210 + 0.220 2 0.215 0.210 + 0.220 2 0.215 0.451 + 0.440 2 0.4455 10

10

NITRITE (mg/l) 0.006 + 0. 004 2 = 0.005 0.115 + 0.120 = 2 = 0.1175 0.117 + 0.120 = 2 = 0.1185 =

0.201 + 0.197 2 = 0.199 10

=

10

Graph 1: Nitrate Reading On Different Location

Graph 2 : Nitrite Reading On Different Location

Graph 3: Average reading on different Location

DISCUSSION

Nitrates and nitrites are two kinds of compounds. Nitrite and nitrate are ions that exist naturally as part of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrate is primarily used in inorganic fertilizers, while sodium nitrite is used as a flavour enhancer, particularly in meat products. In addition, they are responsible for the pink or red colour of cured meat. Nitrites are converted to nitric oxide in meat. This interacts with the proteins in the beef, changing its colour and aiding in its preservation. Without nitrites and other additives, the meat will quickly turn brown. Other than that, nitrates happen naturally in water as well. Fertilizer use in certain locations can result in high levels of nitrates, which can be bad for children. As a result, health officials control nitrate levels in drinking water. Next, experiment was conducted to collect samples of water at four different locations in Sungai Klang. Each location was labelled as L1, L2, L3 and L4 and two water samples (SA and SB) were taken at each location. Based on the data collected at the sampling locations, the water flows from upstream passing through wastewater treatment and vegetable plot to downstream. Furthermore, data analysis has been made based on data collected (Table 1). In order to get approximate value, average value was calculated among Sample A and Sample B. L4 has the highest value of nitrate and nitrite which are 0.4455 mg/l and 0.199 mg/l respectively while the least value for nitrate and nitrite are 0.010 mg/l and 0.005 mg/l which located at L1. Reason why L4 has highest value for both concentrations was, it is located at the downstream level which is near the vegetable plot. As stated before, nitrate concentrations of groundwater and surface water are usually low, but may exceed elevated levels as a result of farm land leaching or drainage, or pollution from human or animal wastes as a result of ammonia oxidation and other related causes. Nitrite formation and persistence can occur under anaerobic conditions. According to Drinking Water Standard by Ministry of Health (MOH), the maximum acceptable value for nitrate is 10 mg/l while nitrite was stated to be not exist in Drinking Water Standard which is 0 mg/l. Human wellbeing can be harmed when consuming water containing excessive amounts of nitrate. As nitrate reaches the biological system, especially in children, it is converted into nitrites, which will be damaging hemoglobin's normal oxygen-carrying capacity. Methemoglobinemia, also known as "blue baby syndrome," occurs in children and is associated with stomach cancer in adults.

Finally, according to National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia, if nitrate and nitrite concentrations are 0.4 mg/l and 7 mg/l respectively, it is classified under class IIA. The sampling locations or Sungai Klang require a conventional water treatment for water supply. This location is meant for sensitive aquatic species. In that case, it is safe for public users to use the water in Sungai Klang.

CONCLUSION Four sampling has been conducted at Sungai Klang where a set of data has been given to be analysed for this experiment. Two water samples were collected at each location and brought to laboratory for the analysis of nitrate and nitrite concentration. Past studies have showed that both nitrate and nitrite are equally hazardous to health and relatively related to one another where nitrites are just the conversion of nitrates by bacteria and salivary glands. Nitrate can be found in groundwater when the concentrations is low, however the nitrate-nitrogen concentration may approach or exceed the standards in areas where the farming are intense or wastewater disposal sites and landfills. Table 1 showed the data analysis for nitrite and nitrate content. The content at location 1 is lower to compare with the others by 0.010 mg/L and 0.050 mg/L. both graph 1 and graph 2 shows nitrate and nitrite reading on different location and it shows that the graph plot are moving upward. From the given data, the average value of nitrate and nitrite can be obtained and can be refer on table 2 and graph 3. Graph 3 also show that the movement of graph is moving upward. The value then compares with Ministry of Health for raw water quality and drinking water. The reason the value needs to be compared is because nitrites can be turned into Nitrosamine which is a bad chemical where it can cause certain diseases like cancer when consumed more than the body can take. Also, the value increasing from upstream to downstream and this is due to the vegetable plot near the downstream. The fertilizer used by the farmer contains nitrogen and the bacteria will convert the various forms of nitrogen to nitrate at the vegetable plot near the downstream. Eventually, nitrate is easily moving with the water through the soil profile and reach the surface water because bitrate is highly leachable. As a conclusion, the objectives to measure the concentration of nitrate and nitrite in water sample and to analyse the data has been achieved.

APPENDICES

Figure 1: Drinking Water Quality Standard for Malaysia.

Figure 2: National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia

REFERENCES

1. Yap, C. K., Cheng, W. H., Pang, B. H., Suptian, F. M., Peng, S. H., Ibrahim, M. H., . . . Ismail, M. S. (2020). Nitrate levels in the surface waters collected in 2005 from intertidal and urban drainages of the west part of peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Hydrology, 3(2). doi:10.15406/ijh.2020.04.00226 2. Are

Nitrates

and

Nitrites

in

Foods

Harmful?

(n.d.).

Retrieved

from

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/are-nitrates-and-nitrites-harmful 3. Drinking Water Quality Standard - A & A Scientific ... (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.environment.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Drinking-WaterMOH.pdf 4. National

Water

Quality

Standards

For

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(n.d.).

Retrieved

from

https://www.environment.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/River.pdf 5. Song, P. Wu, L. Guan, W. (December 2015). Dietary Nitrates, Nitrites, and Nitrosamines Intake and the Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis, nutrients, Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4690057/ 6. H. Robles, (2014). Nitrosamines, Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/nitrosamine...