Nitrate and Nitrite Study ecw568 PDF

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nullnullENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORYECW 568OPEN-ENDED LAB REPORTMARKS COMMENTSINTRODUCTIONBASIC CONCEPTSMETHODOLOGY 1 2 3 4RESULTS&ANALYSIS 1 2 3 4DISCUSSION 1 2 3 4CONCLUSION 1 2 3 4 5ORGANIZATION 1 2 3 4 5TOTAL MARKSTITLE OF EXPERIMENT : NITRITE AND NITRATEDATE OF EXPERIMENT : 15/4/GRO...

Description

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY ECW 568 OPEN-ENDED LAB REPORT

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT

: NITRITE AND NITRATE

DATE OF EXPERIMENT

: 15/4/2021

GROUP

: EC2206A1A 1 . ABDULLAH AMIN BIN ABDOL RAZAK (2018435402)

GROUP MEMBERS

2 . AHMAD NABIL HAMKAH BIN MOHD NOOR (2018439194) 3 . ATIQ FIKRI BIN MARZUKHI (2018272762) 4 . AYUNI SYAHIRAH BINTI BAHARUN (2018260062) 5 . HANI AMANI BINTI AZMI (2018659672)

LECTURER

: IR. TS. ZAIZATUL ZAFFLINA BINTI MOHD ZAKI

LEVEL OF OPENESS

:

2

MARKS

COMMENTS

INTRODUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS METHODOLOGY

1

2

3

4

RESULTS&ANALYSIS

1

2

3

4

5

DISCUSSION

1

2

3

4

5

CONCLUSION

1

2

3

4

5

ORGANIZATION

1

2

3

4

5

TOTAL MARKS

5

1.0

Introduction Nitrite and nitrate are naturally occurring ions that are part of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrate

is used mainly in inorganic fertilizers, and sodium nitrite is used as food preservatives, especially in cured meats. The nitrate concentration in groundwater and surface water is normally low but can reach high levels because of leaching or runoff from agricultural land or contamination from human or animal wastes because of the oxidation of ammonia and similar sources. Anaerobic conditions may result in the formation and persistence of nitrite. Chloramination may give rise to the formation of nitrite within the distribution system if the formation of chloramine is not sufficiently controlled. The formation of nitrite is because of microbial activity and may be intermittent. Nitrification in distribution systems can increase nitrite levels, usually by 0.2–1.5 mg/litre.

1.1

Objectives

1. To measure the concentration of nitrate and nitrite in water sample. 2. To analyse data and interpret the results of the nitrate and nitrite experiment.

1.2

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able: 1. To acquire and develop sublime psychomotor skills in conducting laboratory experiments. 2. To work as a team, demonstrate leadership and enhance communication skills through discussion.

2.0

Ways and Means

Apparatus for Nitrite Test:

•

•

Spectrophotometer = is used to measure the intensity of light as a function of the colour of light.

o Water sample = Collected from site to be examined

o

•

NitriVer 3 Nitrite Reagent Powder Pillows = To indicate the presence of nitrite in water sample.

•

Sample Cells, 1-inch square, 10 mL = Used to store the water sample

•

o Wiping Tissue = Used to wipe the sample cell before putting it into the spectrophotometer.

Nitrite Test Methodology I.

The Stored Programs was pressed, and the test was selected

II.

A square sample cell was filled with 10mL of sample

III.

Sample was prepared by adding the material of one NitriVer 3 Nitrite Reagent Powder Pillow. The mixture was swirled to dissolve. The presence of nitrite was indicated by the development of a pink colour.

IV.

The timer button was pressed, and a 20-minute reaction will begin

V.

When the timer expires, the blank sample was prepared by filling the second square sample cell with 10 mL of sample.

VI.

The blank was wiped and inserted it into the cell holder with fill line facing right. Then the Zero button was pressed

VII.

The prepared sample was wiped and inserted into the cell holder with the fill line facing right. READ button was pressed.

Apparatus for Nitrate Test:

• Spectrophotometer = is used to measure the intensity of light as a function of the colour of light.

• Sample Cells, 1-inch square, 10 mL = Used to store the water sample

•

NitraVer 6 Nitrate Reagent powder pillow = To precipitate the cadmium iron in the water sample.

•

NitraVer 3 Nitrate Reagent powder pillow = To indicate the presence of nitrate in water sample.

•

Cylinder, graduated, mixing, 25-mL = Used to store water sample before mixing it with NitraVer 6 Nitrate Reagent powder pillow

•

Sample Cells, 1-inch square, 10-mL = Used to store water sample before putting it into spectrophotometer.

Nitrate Test Methodology

I.

STORED PROGRAMS button was pressed on the spectrophotometer.

II.

A 15 mL sample was filled into a 25 mL graduated mixing cylinder.

III.

One NitraVer 6 Reagent Powder Pillow was added into the cylinder.

IV.

TIMER > OK button was pressed, and a 3-minutes reaction time begun.

V.

The cylinder was shaken vigorously during the 3 minutes timer.

VI.

TIMER > OK button was pressed as the timer expires. A 2-minutes reaction period will begin.

VII.

10 mL of the sample was carefully poured into a clean square sample cell. No cadmium particles were transferred to the sample cell.

VIII.

The content of one NitriVer 3 Nitrite Reagent Power Pillow to the sample cell.

IX.

TIMER>OK button was pressed, and a 30-seconds reaction time begun.

X.

The sample was capped and shaken gently during the 30-seconds timer. Pink colour developed as the nitrate was present.

XI. XII.

TIMER>OK button was pressed, and a 15-minutes reaction period begun. Blank preparation was done by filling the second square sample cell with 10mL of original sample.

XIII.

The blank was inserted into the cell holder with the fill line facing right.

XIV.

ZERO button was pressed.

XV.

The prepared sample was inserted into the sample holder with he fills line facing right.

XVI.

Results were observed and recorded.

3.0

Results and Analysis

Data Collection

Nitrate (mg/l)

Nitrite (mg/l)

Sample A

Sample B

Sample A

Sample B

L1

0.010

0.010

0.006

0.004

L2

0.210

0.220

0.115

0.120

L3

0.210

0.220

0.117

0.120

L4

0.451

0.440

0.201

0.197

Table 1.0 : Nitrate and Nitrite Laboratory Result

Data Analysis

Sampling Location

Nitrate (mg/l)

Average (mg/l)

Sample A

Sample B

L1

0.010

0.010

0.010

L2

0.210

0.220

0.215

L3

0.210

0.220

0.215

L4

0.451

0.440

0.446

Table 2.0 : Analysis of Nitrate

Sampling Location

Nitrate (mg/l)

Average (mg/l)

Sample A

Sample B

L1

0.006

0.004

0.005

L2

0.115

0.120

0.118

L3

0.117

0.120

0.119

L4

0.201

0.197

0.199

Table 3.0 : Analysis of Nitrite

Average (mg/l)

L1 Nitrate

L2

L3

L4

0.010 0.215 0.215 0.446

Acceptable National Putrajaya Recommended Value for Water Lake Effluent Raw water Quality Ambient Standard for Quality Standard Water Putrajaya and for Quality Lake Drinking Malaysia Standard Catchment Water Quality Class IIA

7.0

-

10

0.04

-

-

7.0 Nitrite

0.005 0.118 0.119 0.199

Class IIA 0.4

Table 4.0 : Comparison between Four Standards

4.0

Discussion Our objective for the current study was to analyse nitrate and nitrite concentration of

four different locations. Water quality is extremely important when developing a thorough habitat assessment and determining the anthropogenic impact. Nitrate and nitrite are naturally occurring ions that are part of the nitrogen cycle. The nitrate ion (NO 3) is the stable form of combined nitrogen for oxygenated systems. Although chemically unreactive, it can be reduced by microbial action. The nitrite ion (NO 2) contains nitrogen in a relatively unstable oxidation state. Chemical and biological processes can further reduce nitrite to various compounds or oxidize it to nitrate.

Nitrate can reach both surface water and groundwater because of agricultural activity (including excess application of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers and manures), from wastewater treatment and from oxidation of nitrogenous waste products in human and animal excreta, including septic tanks. Nitrite can also be formed chemically in distribution pipes by Nitrosomonas bacteria during stagnation of nitrate-containing and oxygen-poor drinking-water in galvanized steel pipes or if chloramination is used to provide a residual disinfectant and the process is not sufficiently well controlled.

The water was collected at four different sites which is L1, L2, L3 and L4 (Table 1) by filling the 10mL and 15mL of sample in square sample cell and graduated mixing cylinder. Then, the sample was prepared by adding the material of one NitriVer 3 Nitrite Reagent Powder Pillow in square sample cell and NitraVer 6 Reagent Powder Pillow into graduated mixing cylinder. The presence of nitrite was indicated by the development of a pink colour.

We found statistically significant differences in nitrite levels and nitrate levels. The sample were divided to two which sample A and B. Sample A was added with sample B and divided by two to get the average nitrate and nitrite from each location. The concentration values were increasing from L1 to L4 due to agriculture activities. The maximum average concentration for nitrate and nitrite are 0.446mg/L and 0.199mg/L. However, the concentrations of nitrate and nitrite at all four locations were compared with standards. All these factors could be influenced by plant and animal life, as well as the location of the test sites relative to the agriculture site.

5.0

Conclusion Four sampling locations along Sungai Klang were chosen for this experiment, and the

students were given a collection of data to analyze and interpret. Two water samples were obtained at each site and transported to the laboratory for nitrate and nitrite analysis. Nitrates and nitrites are closely related, with nitrites being the converse of nitrates with the help of salivary glands and bacteria. However, previous studies have shown that both are equally harmful to one's wellbeing. Nitrate is present in groundwater in low concentrations, but in areas with intensive farming, wastewater disposal sites, and landfills, the nitrate-nitrogen concentration can reach or exceed the requirements.

This can be shown using the data analysis in Tables 2.0 and 3.0, where concentration of nitrate and nitrite were obtained. As can be seen, the value at Location 1 is lower than the others which is 0.010 mg/L and 0.005mg/l respectively, but the concentration keeps increasing from the upstream to the downstream. It is because there is a vegetable plot near the downstream where the nitrate and nitrite comes from the fertilizer used by the farmer containing nitrogen and, in the soil, the bacteria will convert the various forms of nitrogen to nitrate. However, nitrate is highly leachable and easily moves with water through the soil profile and it will eventually reach the surface water. According

to

Table 4.0, the

concentration of nitrate and nitrite obtained from the spectrophotometer were compared with the standards. Firstly, it can be compared with National Water Quality Standard for Malaysia where the river was assumed to be in Class IIA as a conventional treatment is needed if it is used for water supply....