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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETYGROUP ACTIVITIESGroup 7BSMA 1-Dela Cruz, Farrah MaeGallan, ShirlannSantiago, Allen HendrickSurbano, Carille GayleTalagtag, Carla MhaeMODULE 1B - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETYActivity 02: Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of sc...

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY GROUP ACTIVITIES

Group 7 BSMA 1-4 Dela Cruz, Farrah Mae Gallan, Shirlann Santiago, Allen Hendrick Surbano, Carille Gayle Talagtag, Carla Mhae

MODULE 1B - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Activity 02: Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology (world) Complete a table like the one below by writing examples for each part of the timeline. (14 points) Point in history

Ancient Times to 600 B.C.

Greek Science (600 B.C. to 500 A.D.)

Belief/idea that did not persist to present-time The use of papyrus and clay tablets as writing materials for information transmission Potter's wheel is used in pottery making by Mesopotamians. - Anaximander’s belief that al life began in the sea, and at one time, humans were actually some sort of fish. - Anaximenes’s belief that air is the most basic substance in nature and that all things were constructed of air. - Aristotle’s belief that certain living organisms spontaneously formed from non-living substances or also called as spontaneous generation.

“Dark Ages” (500 A.D. to 1000 A.D.)

The baptismal font where the accused would be thrown into and if the accused floated to the top, they were guilty and if they sank, they’re innocent.

“Golden Age” of Science (1500 A.D. to 1660 A.D.)

- Blaise Pascal demonstrated that the air we breathe gives pressure on everything

Belief/idea that persisted to present-time An open wound covered with moldy break would heal quickly and cleanly. Poppy seeds can relieve a patient's pain. Compasses can be used to aid in travels. - Thales’s prediction of “shortterm disappearance of the sun” and the event of solar eclipse. - Leucippus’s proposal that all matter is composed of little units called “atoms”. - Archimedes’ demonstration of how closely mathematics and science are linked. He was also the first to show how you could predict whether or not an object would float in a liquid. Practices such as fortune telling, making charms, talismans, spells and incantations. The belief in fairies, sprites and ghosts. - The thought experiment is still useful as Nicolaus Copernicus used it to his ideas. - Nicolaus Copernicus believed that the sun at the center of everything and assumed that the planets traveled around the

Era of Newton (1660 A.D. to 1735 A.D.)

Industrial Revolution (1735 A.D. to 1820 A.D.)

Modern Science (1900 A.D. to the Present)

sun which is referred to as heliocentric system. (Copernican system) - the accurate illustration of the organs, muscles, and skeleton of the human body by Vesalius - Blaise Pascal demonstrated a law that we now call “Pascal’s Law” - Newton’s three law of motions - Newton’s linkage between science and math - Newton’s added details to the Scientists in Newton’s day understanding of the motion of thought that the reason an fluids. object falls when dropped - Newton laid down his was due to one physical universal law of gravitation. process, while the reason - Newton detailed mathematical the planets moved in the equations that describe gravity. sky was due to a - Robert Boyle’s many completely different experiments with gases, process. formulating laws. - Leeuwenhoek’s invention of microscope that revolutionized the study of life. - Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was the first to realize that matter - The production of almost cannot be created or destroyed anything was done mostly – it can only change forms. by hand. Increased This is known as the Law of scientific knowledge, Mass Conservation, and it was however, led to the Lavoisier’s most important invention of many devices contribution to science. that turned hours of manual Lavoisier was also the first to labor into just a few minutes properly explain combustion, of work which is the process of burning. - John Dalton’s Atomic Theory - Albert Einstein explanation of - The proposed idea of Plank that energy comes in Photoelectric effect. - Quantum Mechanics does not tiny packets. really contradict Newton’s laws. -Quantum Mechanics as a guiding principle in science - Picture of the atom by Niels Bohr

MODULE 2A - INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY Activity 03 - Intellectual revolutions that defined society: Copernicus Instructions: Write your answers on a separate piece of paper A. Complete a table like the one below by writing five ancient beliefs/practices in Astronomy, and their modern-day theory or explanation. An italicized example is provided below. (10 points) Ancient beliefs and practices in Astronomy

Modern-day theory or explanation

1 Planets orbit around the sun.

The gravity of the Sun keeps the planets in their orbits.

2 Tycho Brahe proposed a "geoheliocentric" system in which the Sun and Moon orbited the Earth, while the other planets orbited the Sun.

Heliocentrism is the widely accepted model of the universe.

3 Aristotle believed that all heavenly bodies, including the moon, were perfect spheres and the Earth was the only source of imperfection in the universe.

4 Objections to Copernicus said that if earth orbits, parallax should have been observed, then Galileo respond that it was negligible because stars were so distant

5 Complete or partial obscuring of a celestial body by another.

There are imperfections in heavenly bodies such as in moon, it has small dark spots along with similar light spots in the dark area which makes the moon not a perfect sphere. Astronomers estimate the distance of nearby objects in space by using a method called stellar parallax, or trigonometric parallax. It measures the star’s apparent movement against the background of more distant stars as earth revolves to sun. Based to Mark Reid, Parallax is “the best way to get distance in astronomy”. From the perspective of a person on Earth, the Sun is eclipsed when the Moon comes between it and Earth, and the Moon is eclipsed when it moves into the shadow of Earth cast by the Sun.

B. Choose ONE of the questions below and explain within 100-150 words. Please do not forget to COPY the question you have chosen. (5 points) 3. How were the people behind heliocentrism able to convince the public about it?

Before convincing the public about heliocentrism, Copernicus’ work was not acknowledged right away after he finished it. One of the reasons is that the Roman Catholic Church banned his work. Even though he had the right idea, he had very little information to back up his work. However, his work was gradually becoming more acceptable after a compilation of different pieces of evidence, and the Roman Catholic Church accepted his work before a wave of protestant opposition led the church to ban Copernican views in the 17th century. Andreas Osiander, a theologian and a friend of him, stated that his work is a tool with more straightforward and more accurate calculations and does not connect with the limited realm of astronomy. Johannes Kepler, responsible for the Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion, made his theory substantially correct.

Activity 04 - Intellectual revolutions that defined society: Darwin A. Complete a table like the one below by writing five arguments that anti-evolutionist says about evolution, and what does evidence/science say about evolution. An italicized example is given below. (10 points) What Anti-evolutionists Say

1Evolution cannot create complex structures.

2 If humans descended from monkeys, why are there still monkeys?

3 Species don’t evolve. They meant to be existed throughout history, they remained essentially unchanged.

4 Evolution cannot explain how life first appeared on earth

What does science/evidence say Studies suggest that random mutations that individually have no effect on an organism can fuel the emergence of complexity in a process known as constructive neutral evolution. Evolution does not teach that humans descended from monkeys or any other primate living today. Instead, humans and monkeys share a common ancestor from which both evolved around million years ago. Through simple animal husbandry, it was shown how it was not true; a “pup” could have a slightly different (and inherited) look from its parents. Also, it was showed that populations can evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. Origin of life still a mystery, but biochemistry have learned about how primitive nucleic acids, amino acids and other building blocks of life could have formed. Astrochemical analyses hint that quantities of these compounds might have originated in space and fallen to earth in

5 How can evolution be scientific when no one was there to see it happen?

comets. Even if they cannot be observed or experimented on directly, things in science can be studied. By examining the artifacts those cultures left behind, archaeologists’ study past cultures. Geologists may explain past sea level changes by observing the marks left on rocks by ocean waves. The fossilized remains of organisms which lived long ago are being examined by paleontologists.

B. Choose ONE of the questions below and explain within 100-150 words. b) Evolution has been a controversial subject even to this date, what do you think hinders the general public from embracing or understanding it? Creationism and Evolutionism have been a controversial debate for decades, which leads to the confusion of many individuals. It is the religious belief that hinders the general public from embracing and understanding the process of evolution. There has been an unending argument between the Theory of evolution and the Theory of creation. Creationists try to invalidate all of evolution by pointing that Evolutionists cannot describe how life first appeared on Earth. Even though there are loads of evidence that may prove evolution, there are still people who believe that God created the Earth and everything. This mindset is inclined with their faith because it is what the church is teaching. Some people argue that faith should take precedent over science, basing its beliefs on the Bible.

Activity 05 - Intellectual revolutions that defined society: Freud A. Complete a table like the one below by choosing 5 out of several defense mechanisms and their respective examples. An italicized example is provided below. (10 points) Ancient beliefs and practices in Astronomy

1 Denial

Modern-day theory or explanation Denial is an individual’s unwillingness to take particular or confront (or all) aspects of a given reality to avoid potential feelings of embarrassment. It exists on a continuum as it can be viewed as just a common reaction to a stressful event or severe psychosis

2 Displacement

3 Rationalization (also known as making excuses)

4 Reaction Formation

5 Sublimation

Displacement is a psychological defense mechanism where negative emotions are directed away from its source to a less threatening recipient. For example, an employee was scolded by his supervisor and at the time when he goes home, he started to shout at his wife. Rationalization is a defense mechanism in which controversial behaviors or feelings are justified and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation. For example, a person who is turned down for a date might rationalize the situation by saying they were not attracted to the other person anyway. Reaction Formation is the fixation in consciousness of an idea, affect, or desire that is opposite to a feared unconscious impulse. In example, treating someone you dislike in a friendly manner in order to hide your true feelings toward them. Sublimation is similar to displacement but takes place when we manage to displace our unacceptable emotions into behaviors which are constructive and socially acceptable, rather than destructive activities.

B. Choose ONE of the questions below and explain within 100-150 words. Please do not forget to COPY the question you have chosen. (5 points) c) How does Freud's ideas help you understand yourself? Sigmund Freud was the first one to propose the complete theory of personality. In his famous psychoanalytic theory, Freud stated that personality is composed of three elements that work together to create complex human behaviors. As I read Freud’s ideas about personality, I learned that his ideas are a huge help because it became the way for the people to learn what are the different concepts in knowing one’s self. People are able to interpret human personality despite its complexity and having more than single component because of Freud’s ideas—we become more knowledgeable on what causes us to behave a particular behavior and its reasons. Through Freud’s approach, it helps people understand themselves by exploring desires and impulses that are often hidden in their unconscious.

MODULE 2B - INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY: INFORMATION AGE Activity 06 - Intellectual revolutions that defined society: Information Age A. Demonstrate how the events of Information Age unfolded by creating a fishbone timeline like the one provided. Pick only five major events from the timeline discussed, just make sure you appropriately labeled them, and that they are chronological. Note that the years on the example provided is only to provide you a guide and NOT MANDATORY years to accomplish. Feel free to change the years according to the timeline you have created. (10 points)

B. Choose ONE of the questions below and explain within 100-150 words. Please do not forget to COPY the question you have chosen. (5 points) c) What is the future of our technology? Do you think that it will continue to develop endlessly, or will it eventually reach a certain point and stop? The future of technology could significantly impact different aspects, such as in the workplace, businesses, personal lives, environments, and many more. For instance, according to O’Neill (2020), in the year 2050, technology will dominate the workplace with artificial intelligence and smart assistants. Also, since the technology is rapidly evolving, it has already substituted for labor in many fields. Currently, AI is incorporated in finance, transportation, aviation, and telecommunications. Besides, different inventions will continuously arise to ease people’s lives. Firms have discovered that emerging technologies such as Robotics, Computerized Algorithms, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence can replace humans and improve accuracy, productivity, and operations efficiency. Furthermore, technology will continue to develop endlessly. With the unstoppable demands of innovation breakthroughs, technological advancement will take place indefinitely. Also, since technology attempts to solve problems, and there is so much to discover yet, it will continue to progress....