Guyton and Hall Physiology - Chapter 1 Summary PDF

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(PHYSIOLOGY) GUYTON AND HALL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER TRANSCRIBED BY: MANALOTO, JAN STEVEN A. (1-7) CHAPTER 1: FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY AND THE CONTROL OF THE “INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT” Goal of Physiology: explain the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life. Field of Physiology: viral, bacterial, cellular, plant, and human physiology Human Physiology: explain the specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body. - Hunger makes us seek food - Fear makes us seek refuge - Sensations of cold make us look for warmth - Fellowship; Reproduce Cell: basic living unit of life; capable of living, growing, and performing as long as the proper concentrations of oxygen, glucose, diff ion, amino acids, fatty substance and etc. are available. - Red Blood Cells; 25 trillion; transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue; most abundant. - 100 trillion cells (no. of cells in the body). - Oxygen: reacts to carbohydrate, fat, and protein to release energy for cell function. - Cells can reproduce cells of their own kind. Fluid in the body: 60%; water solution of ions and other substances - Intracellular fluid: inside cells - Extracellular fluid: 1/3; spaces outside the cell; transported rapidly in the circulation blood; mixed between blood

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and tissue fluids through diffusion @ capillary walls. Extracellular Fluid: all cells live in the same environment; internal environment; milieu interieur (100 years ago; Claude Bernard) Differences between ECF and ICF ECF: sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions + oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids + carbon dioxide (from the cells to the lungs to be excreted) ICF: potassium, magnesium, phosphate ions Homeostasis: maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment. - Lungs; oxygen (to replenish O2 used by cells) - Kidneys; constant ion concentration - GI System; nutrients ECF Transport and Mixing System- The Blood Circulatory System ECF: are everywhere in the body; being mixed continually; transported through all body parts in TWO STAGES. 1. Movement of blood through blood vessels. 2. Movement of fluid between blood capillaries & the intracellular spaces between tissue cells. All blood in the circulation: transverses - Rest; once each minute - Active; six times each minute Walls of the capillaries - Permeable; most molecules in the plasma - Not permeable; plasma protein molecules (too large to pass) Diffusion: kinetic motion of molecules (both the plasma and the interstitial fluid).

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(PHYSIOLOGY) GUYTON AND HALL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER TRANSCRIBED BY: MANALOTO, JAN STEVEN A. (1-7) Origins of Nutrients in ECF 1. Respiratory System; blood flows through the body and lungs; blood picks up n alveoli. - Alveolar Membrane: between alveoli and lumen of pulmonary capillaries; where blood diffuses. 2. GI Tract: of carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids; blood passes through walls of GI Tracts. 3. Liver: n; eliminates certain waste products. - Tissues of the body: fat cells, GI mucosa, kidneys, endocrine glands; e. 4. Musculoskeletal System: m t and m Removal of Metabolic End Products 1. Removal of CO2 by Lungs: CO2 is released from blood to lung alveoli; ts. 2. Kidneys: removes from the plasma ( d, and r A. g large quantities of plasma through glomeruli into tubules B. into blood (glucose, amino acids, water, many more ions). C. Metabolic end products; through renal tubules into the . 3. GI Tract: F s 4. Liver: n of drugs and chemicals; secretion into e; eliminated in s Regulation of Body Functions 1. Nervous System: regulates m and s; three major parts A. Sensory Input Portion: y r s detect the state of the body/surroundings

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B. CNS or Integrative Portion: brain and spinal cord; store info, generate thoughts, create ambition, and . C. Motor Output Portion: t one’s desire. Autonomic System: important segment; operates y; controls many functions of the internal organs. 2. Hormone Systems: major endocrine glands; secrete h s ; help regulate cellular function and metabolic functions. d Hormone of most s in cells. n: g metabolism al Hormones: s ion, m ion, and in metabolism. Protection of body 1. Immune System: WBC, tissue cells, thymus, lymph nodes, lymph vessels; s (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi). A. s from foreign cells and substances. B. s (phagocytosis-cell eating); producing sensitized lymphocytes/specialized proteins ( ) that d ys or n invaders. 2. Integumentary System: y; on; n of wastes; skin % of body weight). 3. Reproduction: nt Control Systems of the Body - The human body has thousands of control centers.

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(PHYSIOLOGY) GUYTON AND HALL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER TRANSCRIBED BY: MANALOTO, JAN STEVEN A. (1-7)

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1. Operates wi ; control functions of individual parts of the organs. 2. Operates control interrelations between organs. Respiratory System (operates in association with nervous system): regulates C 2 in ECF. Liver and Pancreas: regulates e in ECF. Kidneys: regulate f en, ,p m, te, and other ions in the ECF.

Examples of Control Mechanisms 1. Regulation of O2 and CO2 Concentrations in the ECF 2 is one of the major substances r or c ns. Oxygen-Buffering Fxn of Hemoglobin - Hemoglobin: present in all RBCs; combines with O2 as blood passes through the lungs; as blood passes through tissue capillaries, in d e. - If O2 concentration is w, s d. CO2 Regulation 2: m ct of oxidative reactions. - If formed in cells to ,e ns would cease ). - Higher than normal CO2 concentration excites respiratory system causing to breathe rapidly (i 2= 2). 2. Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure - Baroreceptor System: rapidly acting coping mechanism; rial

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Location of Baroreceptors s of n of c es in the k, also in the a in the ax. Baroreceptors: n ors; stimulated by s wall. High Arterial Pressure: baroreceptors send nn impulses to medulla of brain (here, impulses i er ter = ). Effects of Lack of Impulses: both of these effects dec arterial pressure back al. n of peripheral blood vessels; inc blood flow Dec in Arterial Pressure: relaxes stretch receptors; vasomotor center’s more active (causing on and inc heart pumping); r ure back to normal.

Normal Ranges

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Abnormality: can cause h. Inc body temp: m; destroys cells. of Concentration: e (nerves’ inability to carry signals). of n Concentration: h to be d . c of Concentration: m; spontaneous generation of excess nn impulses in peripheral nn.

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(PHYSIOLOGY) GUYTON AND HALL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER TRANSCRIBED BY: MANALOTO, JAN STEVEN A. (1-7) -

c of G

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ose Concentration: ty and

CONCLUSION: control system is not 100% effective in preventing change.

ons. Negative Feedback Nature of Most Control Systems Feedback: most control systems; series of changes that r the factor to its ue; . Regulation of CO2 Concentration h: on; ec -

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High concentration of CO2 initiates events that decreases it towards normality. : causes feedback to esponse is n to the us. Arterial Pressure-Regulating Mechanisms High Pressure: causes reactions to lower pressure Low Pressure: causes reactions to promote an elevated pressure.

“Gain” of a Control System k: ss where a control system maintains constant conditions. - FORMULA: n=C - EXAMPLE: Large volume of blood transfused to a person whose baroreceptor pressure control system is not functioning = from 100mm HG, it rises up to 175 mm HG. Same volume transfused to a person with functioning baroreceptor pressure control system = causing inc of only 25 mm Hg from normal. - CORRECTION: 125-175= -50mm Hg - The remaining +25mm Hg is the ERROR.

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ck: does not lead to instability, thus in ble; can cause death; initiating stimulus causes more of the same; vicious cycle ive Feedback Can Sometimes Be 1. B g: clotting factors are activated withing the clot itself – process continues until plugged and bleeding no longer occurs. 2. th: stretch of cervix send signals through uterine mm back to the body of the uterus, causing even more powerful contractions. 3. nals: sodium ions enters the fiber then changes membrane potential – causes more opening of channels, change of potential, still more opening of channels, and so forth – it creates nerve action potentials – flow both inside and outside the fiber – initiates additional action potentials. Feed-Forward Control: used by the brain to cause required mm contractions. Adaptive Control: delayed negative feedback.

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