Handout 1 - Disabilities PDF

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Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)  IDEA was first passed in 1975.  Known before as “Education for All Handicapped Children Act” The primary purpose of IDEA are: - Zero reject - Nondiscriminatory Identification and Evaluation - FAPE - LRE - Due Process Safeguards (consent, wellinformed, confidentiality, decisionmaking) 1. Specific learning disability (SLD)  Dyslexia  Dysgraphia  Dyscalculia  Auditory processing disorder  Nonverbal learning disability 2. Other health impairment 3. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) - mainly affects a child’s social and communication skills. It can also impact behavior. 4. Emotional Behavioral disorder - frequency, duration and intensity. - internalizing behaviors, externalizing, social withdrawal 5. Speech or language impairment 6. Visual impairment, including blindness 7. Deafness 8. Hearing impairment 9. Deaf-blindness 10. Orthopedic impairment/Physical Disability An orthopedic impairment is when kids lack function or ability in their bodies. An example is cerebral palsy. 11. Intellectual disability Kids with this type of disability have below-average intellectual ability. They may also have poor communication, self-care, and social skills. Down syndrome is one example of an intellectual disability.

Proponents of Special Education B.F. SKINNER – Operant Conditioning IVAN PAVLOV – Classical Conditioning BANDURA – Modeling, Imiation BANDURA & WALLACE – Social Learning CARL JUNG – Psychological CONFICIUS – Education for all, Golden Rule EDWARD THORNDIKE – Connectionism (law of effect, exercise, readiness) ERICK ERIKSON – Psychosocial JEAN PIAGET – Cognitive FROEBEL - Father of Kindergarten PEZTALLOZI – realia, Froebel’s protégé JEROME BRUNER – Instrumental Conceptualism JOHN DEWEY – learning by doing JOHN LOCKE – Tabula Rasa (blank sheet) KOHLERS – Insight Learning LAURENCE KOHLBERG – Moral Development LEV VGOTSKY – Social Cognitivist, Scaffolding SIGMUND FREUD – Psychosexual WILLIAM SHELDON – Physiological ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL TASKS 1. TRUST VS. MISTRUST (0-12 months) 2. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME/DOUBT (1-3 years old) 3. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (3-6 years old) 4. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6-12 years old) 5. INDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (1218 years old) 6. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (early 20searly 40s 7. GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION (40smid 60s) 8. INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (mid 60sdeath) PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY 1. SENSORY – senses 2. PRE-OPERATIONAL - imagination 3. CONCRETE 4. FORMAL

FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY 1. ORAL (0-1 yrs. old) – Infant 2. ANAL (1-3 yrs. old) – Toddler 3. PHALLIC – Preschool 4. LATENCY – School Age 5. GENITAL – Adolescense OEDIPUS – son to mom ELECTRA – daughter to dad BRUNER’S THREE MODES OF REPRESENTATION 1. ENACTIVE (0-1 yrs. old) – actionbased information 2. ICONIC (1-6 yrs. old) – image-based information 3. SYMBOLIC (7+) – code/symbols such as language BLOOM (Lower Order Thinking) o Knowledge o Comprehension o Application o Analysis o Synthesis o Evaluation o Remembering ANDERSON (HOTS) o Understanding o Applying o Analyzing o Evaluating o Creating AFFECTIVE o Receiving o Responding o Valuing o Organizing o Characterization PSYCHOMOTOR (SIMPSON HARROW) o Perception o Set o Guided Response o Mechanism o Complex Overt Response o Adaptation o Origination o Reflex movement

DALES CONE OF EXPERIENCE  Read  Hear  Picture  Video  Exhibit  Demonstration  Collaborative Work  Simulation  Real thing LAWS IN EDUCATION PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing Teachers RA NO. 1425 – inclusion of the works of Jose Rizal RA NO. 4670 – “Magna Carta for Public School Teacher” RA 7722 – CHED RA 7796 – “TESDA Act of 1994” RA 7836 – Phil. Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994 RA 9155 – BEGA (Basic Educ.) or DepEd Law RA 9293 – Teachers Professionalization Act RA 10533 – K-12 Law ACT NO. 2706 – “Private School Law” COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578 – “persons in authority” KAUTUSANG PANGKAGAWARAN BLG 7 PILIPINO NatlLng PROKLAMA BLG 12 - Linggo ng Wika (Balagtas,Mr29-Ap4) PROKLAMA BLG. 186 – Linggo ng Wika (Quezon,Ag13-19) PROKLAMA BLG. 1041 – Buwan ng Wika (Ramos) PHIL. CONSTITUTION ACT 14 – ESTACS RA 1079 – no limit of Civil Service eligibility RA 6655 – “Free Public Secondary Educ. Act of 1988” RA 6728 – “Act Providing Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education RA 7277 – Magna Carta for PWD RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law (Amendment: RA 9231) RA 7743 – establishment of public libraries

RA 7877 – “Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995” RA 7880 – “Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act” RA 8049 – Anti-Hazing Law RA 8187 – Paternity Act RA 10627 – Anti-Bullying An accommodation changes how a student learns the material. A modification changes what a student is taught or expected to learn. GENERAL ACCOMMODATIONS: Large print textbooks Textbooks for at-home use Additional time for assignments Use of mnemonics Have student restate information Concrete examples Extra visual and verbal cues and prompts Use of tape recorder for lectures Use of computers and calculators Quiet corner or room to calm down and relax when anxious Alteration of the classroom arrangement Reduction of distractions Answers to be dictated Hands-on activities Use of manipulatives No penalty for spelling errors or sloppy handwriting Follow a routine/schedule Alternate quiet and active time Teach time management skills Rest breaks Verbal and visual cues regarding directions and staying on task Daily check-in with case manager or special education teacher Adjusted assignment timelines Visual daily schedule Varied reinforcement procedures Immediate feedback Work-in-progress check Personalized examples TESTING AND ASSESSMENT ACCOMMODATIONS: Answers to be dictated Frequent rest breaks

Oral testing Untimed tests Choice of test format (multiple-choice, essay, true-false) Alternate ways to evaluate (projects or oral presentations instead of written tests) Accept short answers Open-book or open-note tests Read test and directions to student Provide study guides prior to tests Highlight key directions Test in alternative site Use of calculator or word processor Extra credit option Pace long-term projects Preview test procedures Simplified test wording; rephrased test questions and/or directions GENERAL MODIFICATIONS: Allow outlining, instead of writing for an essay or major project Use of alternative books or materials on the topic being studied Computerized spell-check support Word bank of choices for answers to test questions Provision of calculator and/or number line for math tests Film or video supplements in place of reading text Reworded questions in simpler language Projects instead of written reports Highlighting important words or phrases in reading assignments Modified workload or length of assignments/tests Modified time demands Pass/no pass option Modified grades based on IEP BEHAVIOR MODIFICATIONS: Breaks between tasks Cue expected behavior Daily feedback to student Have contingency plans Use de-escalating strategies Use positive reinforcement

Aphasia is impairment in the ability to use or comprehend words. It may cause difficulty:  Understanding words.  Finding the word to express a thought.  Understanding grammatical sentences.  Reading or writing words or sentences. Apraxia of speech (verbal apraxia) is difficulty initiating and executing voluntary movement patterns necessary to produce speech when there is no paralysis or weakness of speech muscles. It may cause difficulty:  Producing the desired speech sound.  Using the correct rhythm and rate of speaking....