Harvard Referencing UEL PDF

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A guide on how to Harvard reference from the University of East London...

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LEARNING SUPPORT SERVICES What is referencing Academic work requires that you use and gather ideas from a variety of sources and refer appropriately to these sources within your work. So if you are writing an essay, seminar paper, dissertation or any other piece of work, it is very important that you include all the sources you consulted. This may involve citing references and sometimes using quotes in text and then linking these to a reference list at the end of your work clearly identifying resources.

Citing When you are writing your work, you need to recognise within the body of your text the sources from which you obtained information. This is called citing. Do not overload your essay with too many quotations.

References At the end of the work, you need to give a detailed bibliographic description of the items from which you obtained your information and which you have cited in your text. Only include the sources cited in a reference list.

Bibliography A bibliography is quite different from a reference list in that you include every resource cited i.e. the reference and also all other useful information you may have consulted when preparing to write your piece of work. What this means is that in your bibliography, you will repeat everything in your reference list and also include all other sources you read or consulted but did not cite.

Why is referencing necessary It is important to acknowledge the work of other writers and avoid plagiarism. It is also important to demonstrate the body of knowledge on which you based your discussion or argument. Thirdly, you will enable tutors and other researchers to trace your sources and lead them on to further information. By referencing you:  Acknowledge the work of other writers and avoid plagiarism  Demonstrate the body of knowledge on which you based your discussion and argument.  Enable other researchers to trace your sources and lead them on to further information.

What is plagiarism? Plagiarism includes using words more or less exactly as they have been used in articles, lectures, television, books, or anywhere else or using other people’s ideas or theories without saying whose ideas they are. The Oxford paperback dictionary defines plagiarism thus: ‘To take and use another person’s ideas or writings as one’s own’.

Consequences of plagiarising Plagiarism is treated very seriously at UEL and across all academic institutions and people have had their work disqualified or have even faced disciplinary action. Some students may not be aware that they are plagiarising, but this is no excuse. If you are given an individual assignment which does not require group effort, then you need to be very careful not to work so closely with your colleague that you end up producing work of same wordings. If this happens, you will be accused of plagiarism. You will be accused of plagiarism if you do not acknowledge your sources or use other writer’s words verbatim or collude with your colleagues in an individual assignment. By simply providing a reference list, you will avoid being accused of plagiarism. Apart from that, there is satisfaction to be derived in knowing that you have thoroughly understood a piece of work and that you can defend it with confidence. There are a number of resources in books and over the Internet which will help you reference properly, depending on the referencing system your School uses. This is available at the end of this document.

What is a referencing system and which should you use? A referencing system is a standardised method of citing adopted by an organisation. The scheme chosen by most of the Schools at our University the University of East London, is the Harvard Scheme which is also known as the Author date system. There are many other schemes e.g. The British Standard which is also known as the Numeric system. It is important that you use the scheme recommended by your School and consistently apply the rules of whichever referencing scheme you use. There are often referencing guidelines in your programme handbooks.

What should be included in a reference? It is important that you keep track of all your references or bibliographies. This can only be done by recording vital information about the sources used. The key elements to include are: Author/editors  Put the surname first followed by initials of forenames  If there are two or three contributing names, include them all in the order they appear on the title page.  If there are more than three, record the first followed by et al.  If the book is edited, signify this by using (ed.) after their name. Year of publication  The year of publication, or year when a website was last updated, is given in round brackets ( ).



Other date information, e.g. day and month of publication for journal and newspaper articles, or for forms of personal correspondence, is given after the publication title.

Title  Use the title given on the title page and sub-title (if any)  Capitalise the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns  Use italics for the publication title Edition  Only include the edition number if it is not the first. Contract Edition to edn. Place of publication and publisher  You will usually find these two pieces of information on the back of the title page. Series  Include series and individual volume number where relevant. Page reference  If quoting a specific section include the pages where that quote falls  In order to avoid confusion insert the abbreviation p. before the page number ( or pp. when more than one) Title of journal/newspaper article  Use the title given at the beginning of an article.  Use quotation marks. Title of journal/newspaper  The title given on the journal front should be recorded  Do not abbreviate journal title unless the journal title actually is, or contains, an abbreviation.  Use italics. Issue information  Volume number  Issue, part number, month or season  Year of publication. Page reference  Same as for books URL  The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) (e.g. the internet address – http://www...). Date accessed  The date that you found/used the web page (in brackets)

The following examples use the Harvard Referencing. Quoting references in the body of your essay Citations in the text If the originator’s name occurs naturally in the text, the year of publication should follow in brackets.  

Smith (2003, p. 20) found that… In a recent study (Smith, 2003, p. 20) it was argued that…

For publications by two authors, both are given:  In a recent study (Smith & Jones, 2003) it was argued that… In cases where the name of the author cannot be identified, the item should be referred to by title:  Figures in a recent survey (Tourism trends, 2003. p. 12) showed that… In cases where the date of an item cannot be identified, the item should be cited:  The earliest report (Smith, no date, p. 231) showed that… If the author and date are unknown:  A survey (Tourism trends, no date) showed that… If you are citing a web page in your text, it should follow the guidelines above, citing by author if available, by title if there is no identifiable author, or by URL if neither author nor title are available. For example:  The latest study (http://www.libqual.ac.uk, 2004) revealed… Short quotations Up to two lines can be included in the body of the text e.g.  Smith (2003, p. 11) states that “Harvard referencing has to be done accurately” Longer Quotations This should be indented in a separate paragraph. If part of the quotation is omitted, then this can be indicated by three dots. Cottrell (1999, p. 10) in discussing plagiarism states that “Plagiarism is using the work of others without acknowledging your sources of information or inspiration. This includes: Using words more or less exactly as they have been used in articles, lectures, television programmes, or anywhere else…” If two or more items have the same author and year, distinguish between them by adding letters

(2004a, 2004b, 2004c)

Books Citation order      

Author (surname followed by initials) Year of publication (in brackets) Title (in italics) Edition (only include the edition if it is not the first edition) Place of publication : publisher Series and volume number (where relevant)

Example Book by one author Schetina, E. (2002). Internet site security. Boston: Addison-Wesley.

Book with edition Christopher, M. (1998). Logistics and supply chain management: strategies for reducing cost and improving service. 2nd edn. London: Prentice Hall.

Book by two authors Lewis, R. and Inglis, J. (1994). How to write reports: the key to success. London: Collins.

Book by two or more authors Smith, J. et al (2004). Harvard citations in easy stages. London: Nosuch Press.

Book with one editor Andresen, L. (ed.) (1994). Strategies for assessing students. Birmingham: SCED.

Book with two editors Brown, S. and Glasner, A. (eds.) (1999). Assessment matters in higher education. Buckingham: Open University.

Book in a series Mcllroy, D. (2003). Studying at university: how to be a successful student. London: Sage (Sage essential study skills).

Chapter of a book Citation order     

Author of the chapter (surname followed by initials) Year of publication Title of chapter (in quotation marks) ‘in’ plus author/editor of book Title of book (in italics)

 

Place of publication: publisher Page reference

Example Bloggs, J. (2004). ‘Having fun with Harvard referencing’, in Brown, P. (ed.) Writing references in extremely easy stages. London: Nosuch Press, pp. 2125.

Journal article Citation order      

Author (surname followed by initials) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of article (in quotation marks) Title of journal (in italics) Issue information (volume, part number, month or season) Page reference

Example Haddock, M. (1994). ‘Are you thinking of writing a bibliography?’ College & research Libraries News 55(8), pp.471-474.

Article in a newspaper (with author) Citation order      

Author Year of publication (in brackets) Title of article (in single quotation marks) Title of newspaper Day and Month Page reference

Example Ward, L. (2004). ‘Diploma plan to reward lower and higher abilities’, The Guardian, 18th February, p.4.

Article in a newspaper (without an author) Citation order  Title of publication (in italics)  Year of publication (in brackets)  Title of article (in single quotation marks)  Day and Month  Page reference.

Example The Guardian (2004). ‘Bloody Sunday still unclear’ 23 November, p. 10.

Electronic information

Electronic books (e-book) Citation order       

Author Year of publication (in brackets) Title of book Name of e-book supplier [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

Example Krug, B and White, S. E. (2004). EBay secrets: how to create Internet auction listings that make 30% more money while selling every item you list, Amazon [online]. Available at: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/ (Accessed: 16 August 2004).

Articles in electronic journals Citation order         

Author Year of publication (in brackets) Title of article (in quotation marks) Title of journal (in italics) Volume, issue, page numbers Name of collection (in italics) [Online] Available at: URL of collection (Accessed: date).

Example Haliday, J. (2004). ‘Ford dealers test custom cable ads’, Advertising age, 75(42), pp. 6. Proquest [online]. Available at: http://proquest.umi.com/ (Accessed: 23 November 2004).

Articles in internet journals Citation order  Author  Year of publication (in brackets)  Title of article (in quotation marks)  Title of journal (in italics)  Volume, issue  [Online]  Available at: URL of web page  (Accessed: date).

Example Lloyd, J. (2001).‘Blessed are the pure in heart: globalisation’, New statesman, 23 April [Online]. Available at: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles (Accessed: 23 November 2004).

Images on the internet Citation order  Author/artist  Year of publication (in brackets)  Title of image (in italics)  [Online image]  Available at: URL  Accessed: date

Example Marshall, J. (2000). Cathedral clock [Online image]. Available at: http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/art/art_cathclock.html (Accessed 23 November 2004).

CD-ROMS Citing an entire CD-ROM bibliographic database Citation order     

Database title (in italics) Year of publication (in brackets) [CD-ROM] Producer (where indentifiable) Available

Example Emerald fulltext: information ideas (2002). [CD-ROM]. Thomas Technology Solutions. Available: Barking LRC.

E-mail Personal e-mail correspondence and other forms of personal communication – conversation, live lecture, letter, e-mail, telephone, text message and fax Citation order     

Sender/speaker/author Year of communication (in brackets) Medium Receiver of communication Day/month of communication

Examples Iloha, S. (2004) Conversation with Reginald Stinson, 24 November Stinson, R. (2003) Lecture to BA Social work students, University of East London, 16 February. Preece, J. (2004) Letter to Simone Iloha, 8th March.

Iloha, S. (2003) E-mail to Reginald Stinson, 15th November. Peel, M. (2002) Telephone conversation with Simone Iloha, 20th February. Ifeoma, P. (2004) Text message to Simone Iloha, 1st January. Bloggs, J. (2004) Fax to Reginald Stinson, 5th April.

Electronic discussion groups and bulletin boards Citation order  Author of message  Year of message (in brackets)  Subject of the message (in quotation marks)  [Online]  Electronic conference or bulletin board (italics)  Date posted: day/month  Available e-mail: e-mail address

Example Keiser, B. (2004) ‘Information literacy and information skills teaching in FE and HE’ LIS Information Literacy Group discussion list, 20 May [Online] Available e-mail: [email protected]

Virtual Learning Environment (WebCT) Tutor’s notes Citation order  Author or tutor  Year of publication (in brackets)  Title of item (in single quotation marks)  Name of academic module (in italics)  [Online]  Available at: URL of virtual learning environment  (Accessed: date).

Example Bloggs, J. (2004). ‘Information skills: learning to find and use information effectively’. Academic skills for Degree courses [Online]. Available at: http://webct.uel.ac.uk (Accessed 24 November 2004).

Journal article in a Virtual Learning Environment (WebCT) Citation order      

Author Year of publication Title of article (in single quotation mark) Title of journal (in italics) Volume, issue, page numbers Name of academic module (italics)

  

[Online] Available at: URL of virtual learning environment (Accessed: date)

Example Simms, J. (2004). ‘Bringing out the Branson’, People management, 10(20), pp.36, Strategic marketing[Online]. Available at: http://webct.uel.ac.uk (Accessed: 24 November 2004).

Text extract from book digitised for use in Virtual Learning Environments (Web Ct) Citation order         

Author Year of publication of book (in brackets) Title of book (in italics) Place of publication: publisher (if available) Page numbers of extract Name of academic module (in italics) [Online] Available at: URL of virtual learning environment (Accessed: date)

Example Cameron, D. (1995). Verbal hygiene. London: Routledge, pp. 78-115, Health sciences [Online]. Available at: http://webct.uel.ac.uk (Accessed: 24 November 2004)

Computer programmes Citation order      

Author (if given) Date (if given) Title of programme (in italics) Version (in brackets) Form, i.e. Computer programme [in square brackets] Availability, i.e. distributor, address, order number (if given)

Example Sanders, B and William, B. (2001). Java in 2 semesters (version 2) [computer programme] Microsoft Inc. New York.

Visual and audiovisual material (television, radio, audiocassette, film, videocassette, DVD, photographs and slides) Television programme Citation order

   

Title of programme (in italics) Year of publication (in brackets) Name of channel Date of transmission (day/month/time)

Example Coronation Street (2004). ITV1, 25 November. 19.00hrs.

Audiocassette Citation order    

Author (if available, if not use title first) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of recording (in italics) [Audiocassette] Place of publication: publisher.

Example Buenos: world Spanish (1995). [Audiocassette]. London: BBC Books.

Videocassette Citation order     

Title of programme/film (in italics) Year of distribution (in brackets) Director [Videocassette] Place of distribution: distribution company

Example All about Eve (1977). Directed by Joseph Mankiewiez [Videocassette]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.

DVD Citation order     

Title of film (in italics) Year of distribution (in brackets) Director DVD Place of distribution: distribution company

Example The Silence of the lambs (2001). Directed by Jonathan Demme [DVD]. Europe: MGM Home Entertainment.

Photographs and slides Citation order   

Artist /Photographer Year (in brackets) Title (in italics)

 

Medium [in square brackets] Place of publication: publisher (if available)

Example Hosain, M. (1999). Cameron Diaz [Photograph]. London: Education Image Gallery.

Conferences Full conference proceedings Citation order  Author/Editor  Year of publication (in round brackets)  Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)  Location and date of conference  Place of publication: publisher Example University College & Research Group North West (2005). Information literacy the whole shebang: theory, strategy, application and impact conference. Edge Hill College of Higher Education, Ormskirk 15th March. Liverpool: UCR Group North West.

Conference papers Citation order  Author of paper  Year of paper  Year of publication (in brackets)  Title of paper (in single quotation marks)  Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)  Location and date of conference  Place of publication: publisher  Page references for the paper Example Mackenzie, A. (2005). ‘Staff information skills: strategies to influence up-take’. University College & Research Group North West: Information literacy the whole shebang: theory, strategy, application and impact Conference. Edge Hill College of Higher Education, Ormskirk ,15th March. Liverpool, Journal of Information literacy, pp. 100-110.

Thesis Citation order  Author (surname followed by initials)  Year of submission (in brackets)  Title of theses (in italics)

 

Degree statement Degree-awarding body

Example Hounsome, I. W. (2001). Factors affecting the design and performance of flexible ducts in trench reinstatements. Ph.D. thesis, Napier University.

Atlases Citation order  As for books, using the title page to find the information Example The times atlas of the world (2004). London: Times Books.

Legislation Act of parliament Citation order  COUNTRY OF ORIGIN (in block capitals)  Year of enactment (in brackets)  Title of Act (in italics)  Chapter Number (in italics)  Place of Publication  Publisher Example GREAT BRITAIN (2000). Criminal Justice and Courts Service Act. Chapter 43. London: The Stationery Office. Command Paper Citation order  COUNTRY OF ORIGIN (in block capitals)  Name of Committee, Department or Royal Commission.  Year...