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HARVARD REFERENCING EXAMPLES RMIT University Library Updated: January 2021 Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks: 1. Confirm referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer 2. Use Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual: for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton QLD to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples. This guide is based on this publication. Harvard is an author-date referencing style. You need to follow this style when acknowledging your information sources. Harvard style requires in-text references and the reference list. In-text references appear within the body of the document. They include the author(s) family name and the year of publication, with extra details if required, such as page numbers. A reference list provides full details of all in-text references at the end of the document. HARVARD REFERENCING EXAMPLES.................................................................................................................................... 1 IN-TEXT REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................................... 2 GENERAL RULES............................................................................................................................................................................ 2 BOOK WITH SINGLE AUTHOR........................................................................................................................................................... 3 BOOK WHOSE AUTHOR IS AN ORGANISATION...................................................................................................................................... 3 BOOK WITH NO KNOWN AUTHOR..................................................................................................................................................... 4 BOOK WITH TWO OR THREE AUTHORS............................................................................................................................................... 4 BOOK WITH FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS.............................................................................................................................................. 4 MULTIPLE BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR............................................................................................................................................ 4 BOOK CHAPTER............................................................................................................................................................................ 4 E-BOOK....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 E-BOOK FROM A LIBRARY DATABASE (HTML FORMAT).........................................................................................................................5 E-BOOK FROM A WEBSITE (HTML FORMAT)......................................................................................................................................5 ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ENTRY WITHOUT AN AUTHOR.................................................................................................................5 ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ENTRY WITH AN AUTHOR......................................................................................................................6 BROCHURE OR PAMPHLET...............................................................................................................................................................6 EXHIBITION CATALOGUE..................................................................................................................................................................6 JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH SINGLE AUTHOR............................................................................................................................................6 JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH TWO OR THREE AUTHORS...............................................................................................................................7 JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS...............................................................................................................................7 E-JOURNAL ARTICLES..................................................................................................................................................................... 7 JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM A LIBRARY ONLINE DATABASE (HTML FORMAT).................................................................................................7 JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM A WEBPAGE (HTML FORMAT)........................................................................................................................8 PRINTED NEWSPAPER ARTICLE WITH NO AUTHOR.................................................................................................................................8 PRINTED NEWSPAPER ARTICLE WITH A KNOWN AUTHOR........................................................................................................................8 NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FROM A LIBRARY DATABASE (HTML FORMAT)........................................................................................................8 NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FROM A WEBPAGE (HTML FORMAT)....................................................................................................................9 BLOG OR BLOG POST......................................................................................................................................................................9 SOCIAL MEDIA.............................................................................................................................................................................9 WEBPAGE OR DOCUMENT............................................................................................................................................................. 10

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AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS REPORT....................................................................................................................................10 GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION REPORT.......................................................................................................................................10 STANDARDS............................................................................................................................................................................... 11 COMPANY, INDUSTRY OR MARKET REPORT FROM A LIBRARY DATABASE..................................................................................................11 COMPANY, INDUSTRY OR MARKET REPORT FROM A WEBSITE................................................................................................................11 DVD FILM OR TELEVISION PROGRAM.............................................................................................................................................. 12 PODCAST...................................................................................................................................................................................12 STREAMING VIDEO / YOUTUBE VIDEO.............................................................................................................................................12 SOUND RECORDING..................................................................................................................................................................... 12 IMAGES.....................................................................................................................................................................................13 OTHER SOURCES.........................................................................................................................................................................18 CONFERENCE PAPER.....................................................................................................................................................................18 DATASET....................................................................................................................................................................................18 LECTURE NOTES / COURSE MATERIALS.............................................................................................................................................18 LEGAL MATERIAL AND PATENTS...................................................................................................................................................... 19 STUDENT’S OWN WORK............................................................................................................................................................... 19 THESIS...................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 MULTIPLE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR(S) IN THE SAME YEAR............................................................................................................20 WORKS BY DIFFERENT FIRST AUTHORS WITH THE SAME FAMILY NAME....................................................................................................20 MULTIPLE CITATIONS IN A SINGLE SENTENCE.....................................................................................................................................20 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION.........................................................................................................................................................20 SECONDARY CITATIONS.................................................................................................................................................................20 REFERENCE LIST................................................................................................................................................................ 22 GENERAL RULES..........................................................................................................................................................................22 EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE LIST.........................................................................................................................................................22 BOOKS......................................................................................................................................................................................23 JOURNAL ARTICLES...................................................................................................................................................................... 26 NEWSPAPER ARTICLES..................................................................................................................................................................27 SOCIAL MEDIA OR WEBPAGES........................................................................................................................................................ 28 REPORTS AND STANDARDS............................................................................................................................................................29 AUDIO VISUAL MATERIAL..............................................................................................................................................................31 IMAGES.....................................................................................................................................................................................33 OTHER SOURCES.........................................................................................................................................................................34

IN-TEXT REFERENCES General rules 

Use in-text references to acknowledge each author or source of information (print or online) used within your writing either by paraphrasing or using a direct quote.

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In-text reference details include the author(s) family name (or company or organisation name, if the author is a company or organisation) and year of publication, with extra information if required, such as page numbers.

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An in-text reference can be inserted at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence. If the author is integrated as part of the sentence, only the date (and page number for direct quote) is in parentheses immediately after the author's name.

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

Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in parentheses. For example: (Lewis & Lewis 2015). Use the full word 'and' when mentioning an author(s) in a sentence. For example: Lewis and Lewis (2015) ....

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When a work has two or three authors, always list all author(s) names every time the reference occurs in the text.

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When a work has four or more authors, list the first author(s) name followed by et al. For example: Haslam et al. (2013) ... or (Haslam et al. 2013).

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If the author of a reference is unknown, list the reference based on the title of the work.

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If the publication date of a reference is unknown, use n.d.

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If the publication date is unknown but can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text then use c. (meaning 'circa') before the year.

Direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Do not overuse direct quotes. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks) and add a page number. If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para. with a period afterward. If you omit words from a direct quote, you will need to add a space followed by three ellipsis dots (...) and another space. For example: Cannon (2012, p. 165) argues that 'changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas ... will require coherent change strategies'. Block quotations are quotes of more than 30 words in length. Block quotes need to start on a new line, be indented from the text margin and set in smaller text size without single inverted commas (quotation marks). At the end of the quote, include the reference details such as author name, year and page number(s) in parentheses. Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words. An in-text reference can be inserted at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence.

Book with single author Direct quote

Cannon (2012, p. 165) argues that 'changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas as hazard reduction, resource use, waste, pollution, etc. will require coherent change strategies'. Paraphrasing

It is argued that strategies will need to be implemented to change how the areas of hazard reduction, waste and pollution are managed (Cannon 2012). Book whose author is an organisation Where the author is an organisation, use the name of the organisation as the author. Direct quote

It is critical to 'get the policy settings right so that the private sector is able to resume its position and take over from government as the primary driver of economic growth' (Business Council of Australia 2010, p. 7).

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Paraphrasing

Business Council of Australia (2010) is in favour of stopping the stimulus and increasing productivity through job creation. Book with no known author In place of the author, reference the book title and the year. Italicise the book title. Direct quote

Higher education in Australia: the facts (2004, p. 23) claims that Australia is ‘a major provider of international education and training services’. Paraphrasing

Australia has a growing role in the education of international students (Higher education in Australia: the facts 2004). Book with two or three authors Direct quote

Lewis and Lewis (2015, p. 4) argue 'that the media is implicated in all health promotion strategies'. Paraphrasing

To assist with health promotion, health care workers need an understanding of the media (Lewis & Lewis 2015). Remember: use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets. Use the full word ‘and’ when mentioning authors in a sentence.

Book with four or more authors For in-text citations, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year. Direct quote

Haslam et al. (2013, p. 78) argues 'that wealth accumulation matters, because it provides the financial foundation upon which to secure income ...'. Paraphrasing

Accounting numbers are used as a managerial tool (Haslam et al. 2013). Multiple books by the same author Order the citations of two or more works by placing the publication years after the author name in chronological order.

Paraphrasing

The adoption of creative industries has been driven by policy disclosure (Flew 2013, 2014). Book chapter When using a book chapter in an in-text reference, use the author(s) details of the chapter and not the editor(s) details of the book. If there is no chapter author, use the title of the chapter instead of the author details in the in-text reference and in the reference list. 9eb87284fbf90bc9642f2bdb4a4486a1.docx Available at: https://www.rmit.edu.au/library/study/referencing RMIT University Library Updated: 18/01/2021 Page 4 of 36

If you use an edited book (where the chapters have no identifying author(s) details) in an in-text reference, use the editor(s) family name(s) as the author(s).

Direct quote

'Business groups have been seen as both the powerhouses behind Japanese industrialization and the culprits behind Japan’s decade-long inertia' (Ahmadjian 2006, p. 29). Paraphrasing

Ahmadjian (2006) noted that there has been disagreement over the influence of Japanese business groups on the economy. E-book E-books with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed books.

E-book from a Library database (HTML format) Direct quote If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading or chapter number. The word chapter can be abbreviated to ch.

'A contested concept like online game addiction has many stakeholders, and academic discourse is only one of many that influence how we think about this topic' (Karlsen 2013, p. 29). Paraphrasing

The topic of online gaming addiction can be considered through academic disclosure and other stakeholders (Karlsen 2013). E-book from a website (HTML format) Direct quote If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a chapter number and/or section heading, and paragraph number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para. and the word chapter can be abbreviated to ch.

Shann (1948, ch. 1, para. 2) argues that 'neither legal restrictions nor isolation made the "settlers from convicts" better able to read the riddle of agriculture in a climate fruitful at times but fatally capricious'. Paraphrasing

The work by Shann (1948) provides a history of Australia's economy at the time of Governor Phillip. Encyclopedia or dictionary entry without an author If there is no author, cite the encyclopedia or dictionary title and the year. Italicise the encyclopedia or dictionary title.

Direct quote If no page number is available, add th...