HCI - Exam revision notes for human computer interaction. Also includes tips PDF

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HCI – COURSEWORK REVISION Areas to focus          

understanding of contribution types -c understanding of benefits and beneficiaries-c understanding of different types of research methods which can be used in HCI-c How to evaluate the rigour of research work-b Reliability and validity in quantitative work-b Equivalent concepts in qualitative work-b Biases and design issues for specific methods -b Philosophical assumptions -b Pros and cons of different methods in practice-b Application of knowledge to solve a new problem (creating)-a

Revision tips Practice coursework question set with the two case study papers • Compare and contrast the two case study papers • Complete all recommended reading for term 1 (if not already done) • Watch the extra videos (if not already done) • Research theories and findings relevant to topic of selected case studies

Cases study paper : the case study papers have some flaws in them there are some problems with the paper, so you can be very critical about how the research has been done and how it could have been done better. Case study paper – Medical shared decision making with a virtual agent. Zhe Why was this research done? The research was conducted to address the problem of patients not being able to make decisions from a range of treatments available based on preferences and personal values. Shared Decision making (SDM) is an approach that has been used to address this problem where clinicians and patients make decisions together based on evidence available. However, current SDM approach that has been used by clinicians has been text based tools with a few automated systems implementing the SDM framework. The automated systems have lacked features such as empathy, alliance building and the consideration of personal values of patients that human healthcare providers demonstrate. These are vital for patients to engage with SDMs in order to benefit from the approach effectively. This has inspired the research to create a virtual agent that incorporates the features required for systems to properly implement the SDM frameworks that produce effective results for both patients and clinicians.

Who are the potential beneficiaries of this research? What are the potential benefits of this research to the identified beneficiaries? They can only realize the benefits for their health if it has been designed to be usable so they know what they are doing or keeps them in positive health behaviours. Patients : design techniques such as nonverbal behaviours and greetings used in this paper as well as usability techniques to improve interaction would help patients engage with medical information to improve their knowledge about their condition and health literacy through the intervention. Physicians: physicians can learn from results of patients interacting with ECA’s technology as alternative to deliver SDM. This will help improve communication between them and patients as well as effective ways to engage their patients to make consent and wise treatment decisions. IT professionals: the methodologies, practices and results outlined in this paper to create the embodied conversational agent such as algorithms used to make recommendations and communication modes would help developers gain understanding into creating improved and efficient systems for collaborative learning for medical sectors. Hospitals and health providers : will save unnecessary cost and time spent into treatment that comes as result of patients making incorrect choices due to health illiteracy. The processes and practices used in this paper can be adopted by hospitals to provide alternative facilities where there is shortage of clinicians to gain patient’s trust in services that improve their health at a lesser cost.

To what extent do the authors demonstrate the potential significance/impact of this research? (justify your answer) : who will benefit from the research if explicitly said. The paper points out the possibility of the virtual agent filling up the role of human clinician using SDM practices and perfect fidelity models. This provides knowledge for researchers in health communication that virtual agents can perform the role of clinicians in shared decision making even though it was not explicitly mentioned. The researchers however explicitly states that the approach used in this paper, require future work such as using random control trial to assess decision satisfaction, regret and conflict with long term measures to properly evaluate their approach. Other future works should include the comparison of other decision aid media to the approach used in their paper. The generalization of dialogue framework will be essential in order to adapt the virtual agent model to other health conditions asides down syndrome. They also suggest that, future research should consider adapting the decision coach to assist patients that will have to make a sequence of decisions over time.

Case study paper – The visual design and implementation of an embodied conversational agent in a shared decision-making context – Robertson et al Why was this research done? Why does anyone care that the research was done/why is it important? The research was done to identify the characteristics of an embodied conversational agent to help patients understand the benefits and drawbacks of different treatment choices in response to prostrate cancer.

Who are the potential beneficiaries of this research? What are the potential benefits of this research to the identified beneficiaries? They can only realize the benefits for their health if it has been designed to be usable so they know what they are doing or keeps them in positive health behaviours.

Patients : design techniques used in this paper as well as usability techniques to improve interaction would help patients engage more with medical information to improve their knowledge about their condition and health literacy through the intervention. Physicians: physicians can learn from results of patients interacting with ECA’s technology as alternative to deliver SDM. This will help improve communication between them and patients as well as effective ways to engage their patients to make consent and wise treatment decisions. IT professionals: the methodologies, practices and results outlined in this paper to create the embodied conversational agent such as the type of virtual characters and communication modes would help developers gain understanding into creating improved and efficient systems for collaborative learning for medical sectors. Hospitals and health providers : will save unnecessary cost and time spent into treatment that comes as result of patients making incorrect choices due to health illiteracy. The processes and practices used in this paper can be adopted by hospitals to provide alternative facilities where there is shortage of clinicians to gain patient’s trust in services that improve their health at a lesser cost. Government and public health organisations: To what extent do the authors demonstrate the potential significance/impact of this research? (justify your answer) : who will benefit from the research if explicitly said. The authors explicitly talk about the need for future research to evaluate their eCoach decision aid against current decision aids in order to assess it as an intervention for decision making aids. Also, the current decisions aids for prostate cancer should include validated measures of decisional conflict. This is based on the fact that, they were unable to test the efficacy of the completed eCoach prototype but only provided a walkthrough for their target group. They also talk about the need to be careful when designing ECA’s for health decision. Factors such as the demographic(race and age and gender) and style of appearance of the ECA, socio-economic background and health literacy of the audience can affect the acceptability of the design by the target group. Based on the responses they received , they advise that future designs of ECA’s should be customised to the demographic group that system is intended for to make it acceptable. Lastly they also project evidence that, avatars or cartoons for ECA’s should be used in situations where a medical condition is less serious in order not to receive opposition from user’s who may find their condition too sensitive.

The study does not take into consideration the experience of the clinician which is very essential in making judgements. The clinicians know the patients to a certain extent including medical track

record. The wealth of experiences of the clinician and the knowledge they have about the patient can help offer more solid advice to the patient and most likely provide a better treatment. Whereas the virtual can only provide information based on what has been fed into it, the virtual agent also lacks the ability to make solid calls for treatment for a patient if it does not learn from previous patient satisfaction of treatment....