HDEV 180 Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

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HDEV 180 Exam 2 Study Guide Descent  Apical ancestor: a common ancestor from whom a lineage or clan may trace its descent o Nonhuman apical ancestor is called a totem  Lineage: descent group who can demonstrate their common descent from apical ancestor  Clan: descent group who claims common descent from an apical ancestor but cannot demonstrate it  most cultures limit how descent is traced using a unilineal descent principle o patrilineal and matrilineal  nonunilineal or cognatic descent: at least 40% of societies around world trace descent through both the mother and the father o bilineal: patrilineal and matrilineal descent combines; double descent pattern  ex: Yako of southeastern Nigeria, portable property inherited through mother, fixed property inherited through father  ex: Toda of southern India o ambilineal: people can choose the descent group they want to belong to; family line can choose to be patrilineal in one generation and matrilineal in the next o parallel: men trace ancestry though male lines and women trace theirs through female lines; each individual is a member of only one descent group o bilateral: (most common)  matrilineal descent: both men and women included in patrilineage formed, but only female links are utilized to include successive generations o matrikin, also called uterine relatives, are inked through female ancestors and descendants  patrilocality: married couple lives with husband’s family, associated with patrilineal descent, more common  matrilocality: married couple lives with wife’s family, associated with matrilineal descent, less common Attraction  propinquity effect: the effect of physical proximity – the people you come in contact with are the most likely to become friends or lovers  mere exposure effect: exposure to any stimulus produces a liking  similarity effect: similarity is a more powerful predictor than difference  reciprocal liking: idea that we like those who behave as if they like us

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physical attractiveness: strong cross-cultural predictor of attraction because we associate goodness with beauty social exchange theory: how people feel about their relationships is dependent on the balance of rewards and costs comparisons theory: we tend to judge our relationships by two levels of comparisons o comparison level: expectations about the outcomes in their relationships o comparison level of alternatives: expectations about potential outcomes in a different relationship equity effect: we are happiest when the ratios of our rewards and costs is relatively equal to that of the other person’s triangular theory of love: 3 components- intimacy, passion, commitment companionate love: intimacy and commitment romantic love: passion and intimacy fatuous love: passion and commitment consummate love: intimacy, passion, and commitment evolutionary approach to love: attraction to different characteristics exists because it maximizes their reproductive success attachment styles: people’s past experience with their parents serves as significant indicator of the quality of their relationships as adults o secure o avoidant o anxious/ambivalent investment model: people stay together based on their investment in and satisfaction with the relationship o exchange relationships: short-term, concerned with fair distribution of resources o communal relationships: long-term, concerned with helping the other love across different cultures: o ansae (Korean): extremely positive emotional state in which one is a totally passive love object, indulged and taken care of by one’s romantic partner o gun qing (Chinese): a love that is achieved by helping and working for another person o jung (Korean): the tie that binds people together and is the results of years of mutual experiences; may exist in both positive and negative relationships marriage establishes legal parentage of children and gives spouses rights o genitor: biological father of child o pater: socially recognized father of a child exogamy: practice of seeking a spouse outside one’s own group which forces people to create wide social network

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incest: sexual relations with a close relative o banned in all cultures o instinctive horror theory: theorists believed that human genetically programmed to avoid incest, this theory has been refuted o biological degeneration theory: taboo developed in response to abnormal offspring born through incest o Malinowski and Freud argued incest taboo originated to avoid disrupting family

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structure and relations o Another theory argues that people are less likely to be sexually attracted to those with whom they have grown up with o Another argument is that incest taboo originated to ensure exogamy and create wide social networks Homogamy: practice of marrying someone similar to you in terms of background, social status, aspirations, and interest o India’s caste system Leach argued that rights allocated by marriage include: o Establish legal mother and father o Give monopoly in sexuality of the other o Give rights to labor of the other o Give rights over the other’s property o Establish joint fund of property o Establish socially significant “relationship affinity” Durable alliances: continuation of marital alliances when one spouse dies o Sororate: husband marries wife’s sister o Levirate: wife married husband’s brother Divorce is more common in matrilineal and matrilocal alliances Polygamy: having multiple wives Polyandry: having multiple husbands o Rare, practiced almost exclusively in South Asia

Family Life  Family life characterized by family based economy  All family members worked at tasks differentiated by sex and age  Family matters were not considered private  Typically nuclear families, larger than contemporary families  Marriage was more of a contractual agreement  Shortage of women enhanced status of women  Families had a lot of children

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Children’s had strict religious training Many children parented by adults who were not biological parents

Modern Family Life  Change brought about by industrialization  Work in factories and shops replaced work in the home  Family relationships shaped emerging social order  Romantic love replaced contractual marriages  Activities split into male world of work and female world of family  Working class women contributed to industrial labor force  The family wage: an income to support his family at a decent standard, limited to white men Immigration  Two massive waves: o Between 1830 and 1882: English, German, and Scandinavian immigrants o Between 1882 and 1930: southern and eastern Europeans arrived (immigrant labor) Race and Labor  Subordinated status of racial minorities cut them off from institution and social supports provided to other families  Gender relations more egalitarian in slave families  Slave women took care of owner’s children as well as their own families  The compadrazgo system of godparents is an example of an adaptation to a largely inhospitable environment...