Health Conditions HSC 4555 lecture notes 1 PDF

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Professor Julian - Health Conditions HSC 4555 lecture notes 1...

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intellectual emotional social environmental spiritual occupational

Characteristics of Effective Health Counselors . Self-knowledge & maturity . Psychological and human understanding of others . Understanding of cultural conditioning . Ability to see through situations . Tolerance for "messiness" . Openness & approachability . Holistic framework . Ability to blend seemingly antithetical roles . Willingness to take risks . Genuineness . Knowing when to take risks and challenge the client

Health People 2020 1. Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death

2. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups

3. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all

4. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages

Ethics

A system by which one determines whether an action is moral or immoral

3 most common ethical dilemmas . Competition BETWEEN COUNSELORS different ethics over the same issue

. Competition between the counselor's personal ethics (on a single issue(s), multiple issues, or the entire code) and the ORGANIZATION'S code of ethics

. Competition between the counselor's ethics and the CLIENT'S ethics

Cultural competence the ability to communicate effectively with all people across cultures understanding and respecting cultural diversity is important in reducing health disparities

Health Counseling intensive and interactive conversation about change between a client and counselor

Health education Learning experiences that assist individuals in making informed decision in order to increase their health status

Adragogy (and 5 assumptions) the 5 primary assumptions for providing education to adults

1. Self-concept 2. Experience 3. Readiness to learn 4. Orientation to learning; adults like learning info that will help them solve problems 5. Motivation: from internal source

Explain the pros and cons of different approaches to assess health behaviors

1. Direct observation pro: very accurate, see with your own eyes what the client says

1. Direct observation con: takes time, Hawthorn effect (individuals improve in behavior because they are being observed)

2. Interview pro: gather specific info, clients perspective, can tailor questions

2. Interview con: takes time, can be biased and client may not be honest

3. Self-report inventories pro: good for beginning

3. Self-reporting con: accuracy, can be biased, may not be valid/applicable in setting, doesn't measure change

Identify and describe the 7 principles of self-directed learning. 1. Establish an effective learning environment

2. Involve learners in diagnosing their own needs

3. Involve learners in the mutual planning of methods and educational content

4. Encourage learners to formulate their own learning objectives

5. Encourage learners to identify resources and devise strategies for using those resources to achieve their objectives

6. Support learners in carrying out learning plans

7. Involve learners in evaluating their own learning

What are the 5 roles of the teacher in promoting self-efficacy in learning?

1. Modeling or demonstration

2. Setting a clear goal or image of the desired outcome

3. Providing basic knowledge and skills needed as the foundation for the task

4. Providing guided practice with corrective feedback

5. Giving clients the opportunity to reflect

Describe why it is important to use health behavior theory when providing counseling and designing/evaluating interventions. . Clearly defined variables & constructs provide a road map for studying problems

. To explain human behavior

. To have theories to develop and plan programs- manage, continually improve through evaluation of variables

. Evidence-based

Understand the dynamics of the various variables that can affect whether or not an individual "takes action" in regards to a specific behavior change . Success of a program required interventions on multiple levels to get the most effective outcome

. These dynamics could be: economic policy, institutions, neighborhoods and communities, living conditions, social relationships, individual risk factors, genetic factors, pathophysiological pathways, and individual/population health

Ecological Perspective (and 3 levels) people and how they interact with their environments

1. Intrapersonal: individual characteristics

2. Interpersonal: primary groups (friends, family)

3. Community: rules, norms or policies

Concepts building blocks of a theory; primary element of a theory

Constructs Concepts developed or adopted for use in a particular theory

Models Draw on a number of theories to help understand a particular problem in a certain setting or context

When is the ecological model a good idea? Targeting individuals, social norms, policies and regulatory initiatives, and triggering environmental change in regards to decreasing smoking rates over the long term

When is the ecological model not a good idea? Individual-based approaches to obesity prevention and treatment have been found widely ineffective

How to help someone move from precontemplation to contemplation stage? Conscious Raising (increase awareness)

Dramatic relief (emotional experiences related to health)

Environmental Reevaluation (assess physical and social environment)

How to help someone move from contemplation to preparation stage?

Self-reevaluation (cognitive or emotional reappraisal of values related to problem behavior)

How to help someone move from action to maintenance stage? Contingency (Reinforcement) Management aka (seek rewards for behavior)

Helping relationships (accepting, and using support from friends/family during attempts to change the problem behavior)

Counterconditioning (actively seeking healthier behaviors to substitute problem behavior)

Stimulus control (Control of situations and other causes that trigger the problem behavior )

What process is emphasized across all stages of the SOC model? Social Liberation (Awareness, availability, and acceptance of alternative problem-free lifestyles in society)

How to help someone move from preparation to action stage? Self-Liberation (Individual choice and commitment to change the problem behavior, including belief that one can change)

As someone progresses through the stages, they _______ of healthy behavior increases & the _______ of unhealthy behavior increase pros

cons *SOC is circular not linear

Pros of SOC model Most highly used behavioral theory; large supporting evidence base

Can tailor messages individually based on individuals' SOC

Cons of SOC model Stage distribution: need to know stage distribution for specific high-risk behavior

3 Assumptions of SOC Model 1. Behavior change involves a series of different steps or stages

2. There are common stages and processes of change across a variety of health behaviors

3. Tailoring an intervention to the stage of change in which people are at the moment is more effective than not considering the stage people are in

The 4 ways that goals affect performance? DEPT

Direction: goals keep attention on goal relevant activities

Energizing: higher goals = better performance

Persistence: harder goals prolong effort

Task-related skills and knowledge

What makes for a "good goal"? Difficult, yet attainable Specific Proximal (short term) Collaborative Provide feedback/rewards

Outcome Goal

goals focused on an end result

Behavior Goal goals concerning actions or reactions of a person in response to external or internal stimuli

Which stages of change are appropriate for goal setting? preparation action maintenance

Self Monitoring manually monitors his/her own behavior and then evaluates the outcomes by comparing to goals

SMART Goals Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant/Realistic Time-Bound

What is a behavioral process that could be used to counter the temptations? Counter conditioning

Describe the continuum of conversation styles and characteristics of the three main styles 1. Directing- demanding, leading, managing, taking charge

2. Guiding- offering support, guiding them, promoting

3. Following- listening, passive, permitting, observing, shadowing

The "Righting Reflex" When we see something wrong with people, we want to "fix" it

*this is an example of the directing conversation style

Ambivalence the state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone.

*this is a normal aspect of human nature and it is the most common place for someone to get stuck (contemplation)

Self-Perception Theory As a person argues on behalf of one position, he/she becomes more committed to it

Common characteristics of a "helped" person Powerless Angry Defensive Uncomfortable

Motivational Interviewing A collaborative, person-centered conversation style for strengthening a person's own motivation and commitment to change

4 Aspects Underlying the Spirit of MI Partnership: MI is done "with" someone not "for" someone

Acceptance: assumes clients right an capacity for self-direction (autonomy)

Compassion: give priority to the client's needs

Evocation: working with client to bring out their strengths

Facilitating Partnership in MI Ask open ended questions Offer reassurance Reflect on what client says Encourage

4 Aspects of Acceptance Absolute worth Autonomy Affirmation Accurate empathy

4 Key Processes of MI 1. Engaging: the process of establishing a helpful connection and working relationship

2. Focusing: the process by which you develop and maintain a specific direction in the conversation about change

3. Evoking: eliciting the client's own motivations for change and lies at the heart of MI

4. Planning: developing commitment to change and formulating a concrete plan

Key Communication Skills of MI: Asking open-ended questions Affirming Reflective listening Summarizing Informing and listening

What MI is NOT: Just about being nice Non-directive A technique A solution to all situations A comprehensive behavioral change theory A way of manipulating people...